Assessing the cognitive demands required of students in class discourse,homework assignments and tests

An important question which is often overlooked addresses the nature and quantity of higher‐order thinking activities when teachers are not explicitly ‘teaching for thinking’ but rather acting and behaving routinely. This study investigates the scope and nature of tasks demanding students’ application of higher‐order thinking skills while studying biology in junior and senior high schools in Israel. The method used is the collection and analysis of questions asked by teachers during classroom discourse, in homework assignments and in tests. The main findings show: (a) that the frequency of higher‐order thinking questions in biology class discourse in Israel is approximately 20%; (b) that the cognitive level of teachers’ questioning in HS is higher than in JHS; (c) that the matriculation exam has a strong influence on tests given by teachers; and (d) that while inquiry questions permeated HS testing they are less salient in HS class discourse, indicating the need for remedial treatment which should include the integration of more inquiry‐oriented pedagogies into classroom practice.     

Comparing rankings of search results on the Web

The Web has become an information source for professional data gathering. Because of the vast amounts of information on almost all topics, one cannot systematically go over the whole set of results, and therefore must rely on the ordering of the results by the search engine. It is well known that search engines on the Web have low overlap in terms of coverage. In this study we measure how similar are the rankings of search engines on the overlapping results.We compare rankings of results for identical queries retrieved from several search engines. The method is based only on the set of URLs that appear in the answer sets of the engines being compared. For comparing the similarity of rankings of two search engines, the Spearman correlation coefficient is computed. When comparing more than two sets Kendall’s W is used. These are well-known measures and the statistical significance of the results can be computed. The methods are demonstrated on a set of 15 queries that were submitted to four large Web search engines. The findings indicate that the large public search engines on the Web employ considerably different ranking algorithms.     

道德对大学生违法犯罪的预防与抑制作用研究

在预防与抑制大学生违法犯罪的过程中,道德具有十分重要的作用。良好的社会公德意识是预防和抑制大学生违法犯罪的基础保证,中华民族优良道德传统资源具有不可或缺的珍贵价值。特别注重整体利益,强调对社会的责任意识;推崇“仁爱”原则,追求人际和谐;讲求谦敬礼让,强调克骄防矜;重视道德践履,强调修养的重要性等,这些都对预防、减少和抑制大学生违法犯罪有着重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

Internal review and self-evaluation — the chosen route to school improvement in ireland?

In recent years there has been an intense debate in many countries concerning the best approach to improving schools. The various methods being tried might be reasonably seen as constituting a continuum ranging from strict external control and inspection at one end, to self-evaluation and internal regulation at the other. In practice, most education systems appear to be moving towards a combination of these methods, involving a degree of external monitors of internal self-evaluation mechanisms. This article analyses the gradual emergence in the Irish education system of such an accommodation. It charts the increased emphasis being placed upon school self-evaluation and argues that it does constitute the best way forward. However, it also highlights a major lacuna at the heart of the emerging system, namely the lack of firm data on which schools can really base effective improvement strategies.     

构建高水平、有活力的教师教育体系的思考

纵观国际师范教育发展趋势，师范教育体系将最终逐步从一元封闭型向多元开放型转变。通过对师范教育面临的挑战，以及社会经济，教育的发展形势分析，提出高水平，有活力的教师教育体系的构建思路。     

由《颜氏家训》中复音词的结构模式及语义构成看复音词的发展

东汉到魏晋南北朝，古代汉语发生了质的变化，出现了许多新的词语 新的句法格式。《颜氏家训》正是这一时期的作，使南北朝时期的复音词发展得以展现。