The comprehension and production of Wh-questions in deaf and hard-of-hearing children

Hearing loss during the critical period for language acquisition restricts spoken language input. This input limitation, in turn, may hamper syntactic development. This study examined the comprehension, production, and repetition of Wh-questions in deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. The participants were 11 orally trained Hebrew-speaking children aged 9.1-12.4 with moderate-to-profound hearing loss from birth, who consistently used hearing aids or cochlear implants and who had difficulties understanding relative clauses. Experiment 1 tested the comprehension of Wh-questions using a picture selection task, comparing subject with object questions and who- with which-questions; Experiment 2 tested the production of subject and object who-questions using an elicitation task; and Experiment 3 tested the repetition of Wh-questions and other structures derived by Wh-movement. All the DHH participants showed difficulty in the comprehension, production, and repetition of object questions, and their performance was significantly below that of hearing children. In contrast, they repeated embedded sentences without movement well, indicating that their deficit is in syntactic movement rather than embedding or the CP node in the syntactic tree. The results provide additional evidence that DHH children have difficulties with Wh-movement and emphasize that Wh-questions, which are crucial for communication, can be severely impaired in these children.     

重寫人

一、重寫人和报紙的关系作为编輯部內部的工作者,他的許多工作公众很少知道,就是他的报館同事也很少知道。他是寫作工匠,对新聞有特别的了解,并且有可貴的采訪經驗。他是有經驗的記者有些記者在报館內工作比在街上采訪工作得好些。有些記者相反。一个人只要善于了解别人就能找到新聞重要來源的门徑了。可是,他們也許不会組織摘記,不会寫精彩的新聞。如果把他們采訪到的事     

The information requirements and information-seeking behaviours of health and social care professionals providing care to children with health care needs: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this work were to identify the sources of information currently received, information-seeking behaviours, information requirements and preferences for future information provision amongst health and social care professionals providing care to children with health care needs. METHODS: Data were collected using a cross-sectional postal questionnaire survey. RESULTS: A wide range of information resources was reported as being available to professionals. However, a large proportion of respondents found it necessary to perform additional searches for information, suggesting that current resources were not satisfying their needs. The majority of professionals reported a preference for electronic formats, whilst a smaller proportion preferred hard copy materials. Participants promoted the use of informal networks as a means of support and exchange of information. CONCLUSION: Supplementing the information that is provided in electronic and hard copy formats, by enhancing informal networks, may be the most effective way of meeting the information needs of this group of professionals.     

现代女子中长跑运动员的训练问题

一、比赛的特点为了创造优异成绩,挖掘运动员的最大潜力应当充分考虑到运动员速度与距离变化的关系。中长运动员的成绩预测是依据对全程的开始、中间和结束时的速度而提出的。但无论何时,速度又取决于步长和步频。因此,中长跑运动员的任务是保持每段距离所特有的步长和步频。掌握运动员的比赛指标的方法是根据对世界记录的预测和搜集与记录速度高度相关的步长与步频的统计资料来决定的。尤其重要的是,要通过计算和分析找出训练中负荷跑的最合理的安排。现在经过计算,分析得知,女子中长跑运动员要进入世界记录水平,必须达     

Standardization of search methods for guideline development: an international survey of evidence-based guideline development groups

BACKGROUND: Effective literature searching is particularly important for clinical practice guideline development. Sophisticated searching and filtering mechanisms are needed to help ensure that all relevant research is reviewed. PURPOSE: To assess the methods used for the selection of evidence for guideline development by evidence-based guideline development organizations. METHODS: A semistructured questionnaire assessing the databases, search filters and evaluation methods used for literature retrieval was distributed to eight major organizations involved in evidence-based guideline development. RESULTS: All of the organizations used search filters as part of guideline development. The medline database was the primary source accessed for literature retrieval. The OVID or SilverPlatter interfaces were used in preference to the freely accessed PubMed interface. The Cochrane Library, embase, cinahl and psycinfo databases were also frequently used by the organizations. All organizations reported the intention to improve and validate their filters for finding literature specifically relevant for guidelines. DISCUSSION: In the first international survey of its kind, eight major guideline development organizations indicated a strong interest in identifying, improving and standardizing search filters to improve guideline development. It is to be hoped that this will result in the standardization of, and open access to, search filters, an improvement in literature searching outcomes and greater collaboration among guideline development organizations.     

球车，从选购开始

一轮高尔夫球大约4小时，其中近一半的时间在球场上度过。国外许多球场没有球车。而在中国球场，球车是基本配置。所以，球车是高尔夫球场管理的一个重要元素。就与之有关的高尔夫球场管理面临的许多挑战，本刊邀请了业内专家、来自美国的Keith Andrews发表对这些问题的看法，将分期连载在本刊上。同时，《中国高尔夫管理》作为一个开放的平台，欢迎更多业界同仁就相关话题发表意见，进行讨论。[编者按]     

Children's early child care and their mothers' later involvement with schools

Theory and policy highlight the role of child care in preparing children for the transition into school. Approaching this issue in a different way, this study investigated whether children's care experiences before this transition promoted their mothers' school involvement after it, with the hypothesized mechanism for this link being the cultivation of children's social and academic skills. Analyses of 1,352 children (1 month-6 years) and parents in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development revealed that mothers were more involved at their children's schools when children had prior histories of high-quality nonparental care. This pattern, which was fairly stable across levels of maternal education and employment, was mediated by children's academic skills and home environments.     

速度滑冰的蹬冰力

在速度滑冰中,成绩与运动员每次蹬冰所产生的功量和蹬冰的频率乘积有关。运动员每次蹬冰所做的功取决于与滑行方向垂直的蹬冰力的分力。通过对三个受过训练的速滑运动员测试,测定他们在不同速度时的蹬冰力。结果表明;在不同的速度时,最大的蹬冰力与平均蹬冰力并不改变。而且速度越大,蹬冰时间越短。由此可见,速滑运动员并不是通过改变蹬冰力的大小,而是通过改变蹬冰时间来调节速度。蹬冰力——时间曲线的图形形状取决于蹬冰技术,并且直道滑行与弯道滑行的曲线形状也有区别。速度滑冰的成绩与运动员用于克服空气和冰面摩擦阻力的外功P。密切相关(Ingen Schenau)。外功P。等于每次蹬冰