Inducing chemotactic and haptotactic cues in microfluidic devices for three-dimensional in vitro assays

Microfluidic devices allow for the production of physiologically relevant cellular microenvironments by including biomimetic hydrogels and generating controlled chemical gradients. During transport, the biomolecules interact in distinct ways with the fibrillar networks: as purely diffusive factors in the soluble fluid or bound to the matrix proteins. These two main mechanisms may regulate distinct cell responses in order to guide their directional migration: caused by the substrate-bound chemoattractant gradient (haptotaxis) or by the gradient established within the soluble fluid (chemotaxis). In this work 3D diffusion experiments, in combination with ELISA assays, are performed using microfluidic platforms in order to quantify the distribution of PDGF-BB and TGF-β₁ across collagen and fibrin gels. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding of the fundamental processes, the experiments are reproduced by computer simulations based on a reaction-diffusion transport model. This model yields an accurate prediction of the experimental results, confirming that diffusion and binding phenomena are established within the microdevice.     

体育规则：足球规则修改与集体项目规则的比较研究

本文以法学视角,尤其是国际法视角,通过研读规则文本的方式,对足球规则的演进进行分析,并且揭示一些目前体育法领域关注的问题:体育法(lex sportiva)确实存在,包含了公法部分(国际公约、国家立法)和私法部分(体育规则);体育规则(Laws of the game)是体育法的核心,包括国家、地区以及全球范围内各级体育主管部门的章程与条例;项目规则是体育法的另一个重要核心,作者以足球为例,论证了为什么项目规则也是法的问题。     

Unsteady flow phenomena in human undulatory swimming: a numerical approach

The undulatory underwater sequence is one of the most important phases in competitive swimming. An understanding of the recurrent vortex dynamics around the human body and their generation could therefore be used to improve swimming techniques. In order to produce a dynamic model, we applied human joint kinematics to three-dimensional (3D) body scans of a female swimmer. The flow around this dynamic model was then calculated using computational fluid dynamics with the aid of moving 3D meshes. Evaluation of the numerical results delivered by the various motion cycles identified characteristic vortex structures for each of the cycles, which exhibited increasing intensity and drag influence. At maximum thrust, drag forces appear to be 12 times higher than those of a passive gliding swimmer. As far as we know, this is the first disclosure of vortex rings merging into vortex tubes in the wake after vortex recapturing. All unsteady structures were visualized using a modified Q-criterion also incorporated into our methods. At the very least, our approach is likely to be suited to further studies examining swimmers engaging in undulatory swimming during training or competition.     

Anticipatory postural adjustments during cutting manoeuvres in football and their consequences for knee injury risk

Abstract

Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs), i.e. preparatory positioning of the head, the trunk and the foot, are essential to initiate cutting manoeuvres during football games. The aim of the present study was to determine how APA strategies during cutting manoeuvres are influenced by a reduction of the time available to prepare the movement.

Thirteen football players performed different cutting tasks, with directions of cutting either known prior to the task or indicated by a light signal occurring 850, 600 or 500 ms before ground contact.

With less time available to prepare the cutting manoeuvre, the head was less orientated towards the cutting direction (P = 0.033) and the trunk was even more rotated in the opposite direction (P = 0.002), while the foot placement was not significantly influenced. Moreover, the induced higher lateral trunk flexion correlated with the increased knee abduction moment (r = 0.41; P = 0.009).

Increasing lateral trunk flexion is the main strategy used to successfully perform a cutting manoeuvre when less time is available to prepare the movement. However, higher lateral trunk flexion was associated with an increased knee abduction moment and therefore an increased knee injury risk. Reducing lateral trunk flexion during cutting manoeuvres should be part of training programs seeking the optimisation of APAs.     

Historiography,Cultures of Remembrance and Tradition in German Sport

Erinnerungskultur (culture of remembrance) is a widely discussed notion in German historiography. First, the meaning of Erinnerungskultur, including the specific role of academic historiography of sport, is described and explained with respect to sport and sport historiography. One main objective is to reveal the diversity of cultures of sport history and the specific obligations of academic historiography. Second, the actors of sport memories and/or Traditionspflege (heritage) are characterised, and, third, some controversial and perennial debates that permeate German sports history are explained and interpreted, especially that of Carl Diem, internationally known as ‘Mister Olympics’ of 1936. All in all, the paper provides an overview of the mainstreams, cultures and politics of history in Germany with respect to sport.     

The minimizing style: perceptions of psychological abuse and quality of past and current relationships

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this current project were to expand and elaborate on the results of Varia, Abidin, and Dass' (1996) study to better understand what historical parenting factors may contribute in creating a "Minimizing" perception of childhood psychological abuse. A second objective included examining the association between perceptual styles and adult ratings of adult relationship satisfaction. METHOD: Ninety individuals from a non-clinical adult sample completed self-report questionnaires regarding psychological maltreatment and adult relationship satisfaction. Three groups were created and compared using analysis of variance. The groups were (I) "Non-Abused," consistent reporters of no abuse; (II) "Acknowledgers," consistent reporters of abuse; and (III) "Minimizers," reporters of abuse, but do not label themselves as having been abused. RESULTS: Results indicated a continuum effect with the Non-Abused individuals reporting the highest level of maternal warmth and affection, the Acknowledgers reporting the lowest, with the Minimizers in the middle. The Non-Abused group reported the healthiest adjustment in terms of adult relationship satisfaction. While Minimizers and Acknowledgers reported similar levels of psychologically abusive experiences, Acknowledgers reported more difficulties with adult relationships. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of studying Minimizers, a group which describes abusive events but minimizes the meaning and scope of these experiences. The relatively higher levels of maternal care which the Minimizers reported is hypothesized to be associated with their perceptions that they were not abused and acted as a protective factor associated with better quality adult relationships. The varying degrees of nurturance and care in the early family environment of abused individuals is speculated to be associated with distinct perceptual styles.     

Connecting religion and teacher identity: The unexplored relationship between teachers and religion in public schools

It is increasingly acknowledged that for individuals to participate in a pluralistic and democratic society, they must understand religious conviction and difference. In educational literature, the discussion surrounding education and religion focuses on the implications for students. It is important to consider what this may mean to the teachers, as teachers directly influence student learning. This article uses literature on religion, multiculturalism, teacher identity, and popular culture to connect teachers' private religious identifications to their professional identities in public school classrooms. It supports future research in this area and provides a theoretical framework for subsequent studies.     

Academic advisement: An untapped resource

A Comparative Study of the Secondary Eduaation of Girls in England, Germany, and the United States. By Yoshi Kasuya. 1933. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Pp. x + 211.

Secondary Education. By Thomas H. Briggs. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1933. Pp. x + 577.

Leadership Among High School Pupils. By Marion Brown. New York: Bureau of Publications, Columbia University, 1933. Pp. viii + 166.

Administration of Enrichment to Superior Children in the Typical Classroom. By J. Edgar Dransfield. 1933. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Pp. v + 107.

Bible Readings in Character and Citizenship. Compiled by A. L. Morgan. Cokesbury Press.

The Romance Research. By L. V. Redman and A. V. H. Mory. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Company, 1933. Pp. x + 149.

History of the State Teachers College, Radford, Virginia, 1910–1930. By M'Ledge Moffett. Radford, 1932. Pp. xii + 143 + 142A.

My Second Writing Book. By Jennie Wahlert and A. O. Leutheusser. Chicago: Laurel Book Company, 1933. Pp. 64. Nice arrangement. Interesting in formation. Varied content. M. R.

Problems of Education in the United States. By C H. Judd. McGraw‐Hill, 1933. Pp. 214.

The Psychology of Study. By C. A. Mace. R. M. McBride and Company. Pp. 96.

Physiology of Muscular Activity. By E. C. Schneider. W. B. Saunders Company, 1933. Pp. 401.

Basic Units in Mechanical Drawing—Book I. By Hoelscher and Mays. John Wiley and Sons, 1933. Pp. 288.

The Junior Outline of History. By I. O. Evans. D. Appleton and Company, 1933. Pp. 295.

An Introduction to Conrad. By F. W. Cushwa. Doubleday Doran, 1933. Pp. 436.

The Influence of Familiarity Upon Children's Preferences for Pictures and Poems. By James E. Mendenhall and Marcia E. Mendenhaia. 1933. New York: Lincoln School, Columbia University. Pp. x + 75.

The Library in the School. By Lucile Fargo. American Library Association, 1933. Pp. 479.

Then and Now in Dixie. By Rose Mortemer Elizey Macdonald. New York: Ginn and Company, 1933. Pp. vii + 293.

The Dilemma of Democracy. I. L. Kandel. Harvard University Press, 1934. Pp. 79.

Do College Students Choose Vocations Wisely? Edward Sparling. Teachers College Bureau of Publications, 1933. Pp. 110.

Student Aid in the Secondary Schools of the United States. By Verna A. Carley. New York: Columbia University, 1933. Pp. vii + 118.

Responsibility for Rural‐School Administration. By Frank W. Cyr. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Pp. vi + 158.

Annual and Semi‐Annual Promotion. By J. Armour Lindsay, 1933. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Pp. vii + 170.

The Technique and Administration of Teaching. By Noble Lee Garrison. Cincinnati: American Book Co., 1933. Pp. xiv + 593.

Little Carolina Blue Bonnet. By Mabel Pugh. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1933. Pp. 171. Little girls from eight to twelve will enjoy this simple, charming story. It will be of

Practical Exercises in News Writing. By Douglass Wood Miller. New York: D. C Heath and Company, 1933. Pp. 131.

Heath Readings in the Literature of Europe. By Tom Peete Cross and Clark H. Slover. New York: D. C. Heath and Company, 1933. Pp. xv + 1194.

The Founding of Maryland. By Matthew Page Andrews. New York: D. Appleton‐Century Company, 1933. Pp. xii + 367.

The Case Method Technique in Professional Training. By D. Henryetta Sperle. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1933. Pp. vi + 92.

Adult Education and The Social Scene. By Ruth Kotinsky. New York: D. Appleton‐Century Company, 1933. Pp. xxi + 208.

Skyscraper. By Elsa H. Naumburg, Clara Lambert, Lucy Sprague Mitchell. New York: The John Day Company, 1933. Pp. 80.

The Community and Society. By Loran D. Osborn and Martin H. Neumeyer. Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1933. Pp. x + 468.