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51.
Electromagnetic radiation is all around us, and essential for the survival of all lifeforms. It provides valuable information
about the physical world around us, feeds us by providing energy to plants, allows us to maintain human metabolism, and cures
us of various diseases. This article deals with the various properties of electromagnetic radiation, its sources and detectors,
its nature, and its uses. A brief discussion on the absorption spectrum of the Earth’s atmosphere and the atmospheric windows,
and celestial objects seen through optical and radio telescopes is also provided. 相似文献
52.
Vijaya Sherry Chand Samir Joshi Ramji Dabhi 《Educational Research for Policy and Practice》2003,2(3):223-235
Large numbers of children regularly experience educational disruption because of natural disasters. Donor and rehabilitation
agencies, using an ‘emergency education’ framework, have usually addressed the immediate needs of such children and longer-term
educational reconstruction. However, the imperative of continuous educational access to all children, and the need for resource
and curricular policies to deal with frequent disruption, call for the inclusion of an emergency education dimension in traditional
educational policy. This article outlines the features of such a dimension by drawing on the experiences of an earthquake
rehabilitation effort in India (2001-02). Policies that target an improved post-crisis educational system create an opportunity
to redress past disadvantages. Helping local educational institutions build capacities in curriculum development and continuing
education of emergency personnel is crucial. Some new features highlighted include tracking local demographic shifts with
the help of local leaders and the use of innovative teachers to handle children’s immediate recreational needs.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
53.
54.
One quarter of the 1958 British Birth cohort attended single‐sex secondary schools. This paper asks whether sex‐segregated schooling had any impact on the experience of gender differences in the labour market in mid‐life. We examine outcomes at age 42, allowing for socio‐economic origins and abilities measured in childhood. We find no net impact of single‐sex schooling on the chances of being employed in 2000, nor on the horizontal or social class segregation of mid‐life occupations. But we do find a positive premium (5%) on the wages of women (but not men), of having attended a single‐sex school. This was accounted for by the relatively good performance of girls‐only school students in post‐16 qualifications, not by the wider range of subjects studied by both girls and boys at single‐sex schools. Men’s labour market attainments were more closely related to attending private schools and to parental class, suggesting that the intergenerational transmission of advantage, while not related to coeducation, is related to gender. 相似文献
55.
Yao-Chuen Li Divya Joshi Sara King-Dowling John Hay Brent E. Faught 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(4):569-578
Our understanding of the longitudinal relationship between generalized self-efficacy (GSE) and physical activity in children and youth is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of GSE towards physical activity on sedentary behaviours and physical activity in school-aged children over time. A total of 2278 nine-year-old children (1120 girls and 1158 boys) were recruited at baseline and followed for seven waves of data collection from 2005 to 2008. All children completed questionnaires at each wave assessing their GSE (adequacy, predilection, and enjoyment), sedentary behaviours, free play, and organized activity. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate changes in physical activity and GSE within individuals over time, controlling for gender and motor ability. The results showed that participation in free play significantly increased over time, whereas organized activity significantly decreased over the same period. Children with high perceived adequacy and predilection had higher free play and organized activity participation relative to other children over time. However, the effect of perceived adequacy diminished over time, while the gaps between groups with different levels of predilection widened over time. While sedentary behaviours were lower over time in children with high predilection, these behaviours were consistently higher in children with high enjoyment. The differences in sedentary behaviours between groups increased over time for both predilection and enjoyment. This study highlights the importance of different components of GSE on physical activity participation. In addition, interventions targeting the enhancement of predilection may facilitate physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviours. 相似文献
56.
57.
Conventional methods of differentiating reading disability (RD) caused by deficits in decoding skills or comprehension from poor reading performance caused by inconsistent attention associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have produced equivocal results. This study presents a model of differential diagnosis of attentional problems and RD that differs from these conventional approaches. The new diagnostic procedure uses intraindividual differences seen in the performance of at-risk learners on tasks related to reading that vary in their sensitivity to the sustained attention required for successful performance. The hypothesis is that children with inconsistent attention would perform more poorly on tests that require sustained attention, such as listening comprehension, than on tests that are more tolerant of inattention, such as reading comprehension. Such differences would not be seen in the test scores of children who have only RD, because their performance is determined more by the difficulty level of the reading tests than by the degree of sensitivity of the task to attention. The validity of this new model was evaluated by determining the capability of the differences seen in the scores of tests that differ in their sensitivity to sustained attention to predict the degree of inconsistency in sustained attention as measured by a continuous performance test. The data obtained from 39 children who are at risk for RD suggest that this is a viable model. 相似文献
58.
Rahul A. Ghone K. M. Kumbar A. N. Suryakar R. V. Katkam N. G. Joshi 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2008,23(4):337-340
Repeated blood transfusion in beta thalassemia major patients may lead to peroxidative tissue injury by secondary iron overload.
In the present study, 72 children with beta thalassemia major were included. Serum levels of total lipid peroxides, Iron,
Total Iron Binding Capacity, Copper, Zinc, Vitamin E, plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity, activity of Erythrocyte Superoxide
Dismutase, were measured. The findings were compared with 72 age matched healthy controls irrespective of sex. A significant
increase in the levels of lipid peroxide and Iron (p<0.001), whereas, significant decrease in the levels of vitamin-E, Total
Antioxidant Capacity and Total Iron Binding Capacity (p<0.001) was observed. Serum Zinc was significantly increased (p<0.001)
with significant decrease in the levels of copper (p<0.001). Non Significant increase in the activity of Erythrocyte Superoxide
Dismutase (p>0.05) was found in the patients when compared with controls. This suggest that oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant
defense mechanism play an important role in pathogenesis of beta thalassemia major. 相似文献
59.
Whether the simple view of reading (SVR) as incorporated in the componential model of reading (CMR) is applicable to other orthographies than English was explored in this study. Spanish, with transparent orthography and Chinese, with opaque orthography were selected because of their diverse characteristics. The first part reports a study of students from grades 2 and 3, whose home language and medium of instruction was Spanish, and were administered tests of decoding, listening, and reading comprehension. A comparison group of 49 children from Grade 2, 54 children from Grade 3, and 55 children from Grade 4, whose home language and instruction was English, were also administered tests of decoding, listening, and reading comprehension. Multiple regression analysis showed that approximately 60% of the variance in reading comprehension of Spanish participants and 50% of the variance in reading comprehension of English participants were explained by decoding and listening comprehension. Furthermore, the performance of third grade Spanish participants resembled that of fourth grade English-speaking participants. In the second study, 102 Chinese students from Grade 2 and 106 students from Grade 4 were administered tasks of Chinese character recognition, reading fluency, listening, and reading comprehension. Multiple regression analyses showed character recognition and listening comprehension accounted for 25% and 42% of the variance in Chinese reading comprehension at Grades 2 and 4 respectively. These results indicate that the simple view of reading is applicable to writing systems other than that of English. 相似文献
60.
Validation of an instrument for assessing teacher knowledge of basic language constructs of literacy
Recent national reports have stressed the importance of teacher knowledge in teaching reading. However, in the past, teachers' knowledge of language and literacy constructs has typically been assessed with instruments that are not fully tested for validity. In the present study, an instrument was developed; and its reliability, item difficulty, and item discrimination were computed and examined to identify model fit by applying exploratory factor analysis. Such analyses showed that the instrument demonstrated adequate estimates of reliability in assessing teachers' knowledge of language constructs. The implications for professional development of in-service teachers as well as preservice teacher education are also discussed. 相似文献