Sequence-dependent rotation axis changes in tennis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of rotation axes during a tennis serve. A motion capture system was used to evaluate the contribution of the potential axes of rotation (minimum inertia axis, shoulder-centre of mass axis and the shoulder-elbow axis) during the four discrete tennis serve phases (loading, cocking, acceleration and follow through). Ten ranked athletes (International Tennis Number 1–3) repeatedly performed a flat service aiming at a target on the other side of the net. The four serve phases are distinct and thus, each movement phase seems to be organised around specific rotation axes. The results showed that the limbs’ rotational axis does not necessarily coincide with the minimum inertia axis across the cocking phase of the tennis serve. Even though individual serving strategies were exposed, all participants showed an effect due to the cocking phase and changed the rotation axis during the task. Taken together, the results showed that despite inter-individual differences, nine out of 10 participants changed the rotation axis towards the minimum inertia and/or the mass axis in an endeavour to maximise external rotation of the shoulder to optimally prepare for the acceleration phase.     

Achievement-oriented beliefs and their relation to academic expectations and school achievement among Qatari students

This study investigated the relation between motivational goals and university intentions, school valuing and school achievement. The premise of this study is that motivational goals play a key role in academic values and achievement. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to establish the construct validity of the motivational measures drawn from the Inventory of School Motivation (ISM): mastery (effort and task), performance (competition and social power), social solidarity (social concern and affiliation), extrinsic (praise and token). A set of eight regression analyses was conducted to examine the relations among these eight motivational measures, future goals to attend college, the value of school and six school subjects. Eight regression equations revealed that effort and task were the most significant predictors of the dependent variables of university intention, valuing school and school achievement scores. Students in Qatar exhibited ‘effort and task’ in goal motivation in relation to students’ beliefs regarding future academic goals and achievement scores in school subjects. As Qatar is a highly gender-segregated society, analyses were also conducted by gender.     

Consistencies and Inconsistencies Between Science Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices

To gain a better understanding of teachers’ beliefs about teaching, as compared with their in-reality classroom practices, case studies were constructed with four science teachers in different schools in Egypt. The main aims of this article were to provide an answer to the research question, ‘To what extent do science teachers’ beliefs correspond to their practices?’ and to explore the contextual factors that can explain the difference, the consistency or inconsistency, between teachers' beliefs and practices. The study collected data for each teacher using semi-structured interviews, notes taken while observing classes, and teachers’ notes, journals, and lesson plans concerned with STS lessons. The data were analysed using the constant comparative method around common themes, which were identified as distinctive features of teachers’ beliefs; these same themes were then compared with their practices. Results showed that a few of the in-service science teachers’ pedagogical beliefs aligned with constructivist philosophy. Some of the teachers’ beliefs were consistent with their practices, especially the traditional beliefs, while some of teachers’ practices were conflicted with their beliefs in different contexts.     

Modelling the Sociocultural Contexts of Science Education: The Teachers’ Perspective

A growing body of research argues that teachers’ beliefs and practices should be studied within the sociocultural contexts of their work because the relationship between their beliefs and practices is both complex and context-dependent. There is a need for further research in this area in understudied contexts such as developing countries, in order to promote effective education in schools and the professional development of teachers. This paper argues that if this ‘black box’ of sociocultural contexts in which science teachers are embedded is better understood, it may be possible to identify specific aspects of these contexts related to educational organizations that act as either supports or barriers to pedagogical reform or to implementing innovations in science education. Consequently, the main purpose of this study is to explore the sociocultural contexts of ten Egyptian science teachers and to what extent these sociocultural contexts help in understanding teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and practices. This paper, by utilizing a multi-grounded theory approach and qualitative methods, reveals a variety of sociocultural contexts that are related to teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and practices.     

The Ideas of Parents and Children about the Importance of Developmental Skills among Palestinians in Israel Quelle importance les parents et enfants palestiniens d'Israe¨l attachent-ils aux aptitudes developpementales? Las Opiniones de los Padres y de los Niños sobre la Importancia de las aptitudes del Desarrollo de los Palestinos en Israel

The purpose of this study is to investigate parents' ideas about child development among Palestinians in an urban community in Israel. Parents and children were asked to indicate how important they believed a set of developmental skills was for children. Forty-eight Palestinian mothers, 48 Palestinian fathers, and 57 first-born children participated in the study. The parents were interviewed to determine their ideas about child development using the Developmental Timetable Questionnaire (Hess et al. , 1980). In addition, the children were interviewed to determine the importance of two categories of skills taken from the same questionnaire: social skills and school-related skills. The results of the study suggest that both mothers and fathers value school-related skills as the most important and cultural skills as the least important. More specifically, while examining differences across gender, parents of first-born girls emphasise school-related skills, independence, politeness, and compliance as the most important for girls, while parents of first-born boys emphasise the importance of being emotionally mature and socially skilful. The study revealed no significant differences across the gender of the parents. Male and female children value school-related more than social skills as well. These results are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the sample. Le but de cette étude est de cerner l'idée que se font les parents du développement des enfants au sein d'une communauté urbaine de palestiniens en Israël. On a demandé aux parents et aux enfants de dire àquel point ils considèrent comme importantes pour les enfants une série d'aptitudes développementales. 48 mères, 48 pères et 57 premiers et premières-nées palestiniens ont participé à l'étude. L'étude auprès des parents visait à déterminer leur conception du développement infantile à l'aide du Developmental Timetable Questionnaire (Questionnaire développemental) (Hess, Kashiwagi, Azuma, Price & Dickson, 1980). En outre, les questions posées aux enfants visaient à déterminer l'importance de deux catégories d'aptitudes découlant du même questionnaire: aptitudes sociales et aptitudes scolaires. Les résultats de l'étude suggèrent que les mères et les pères favorisent les aptitudes scolaires au-delà des aptitudes culturelles. Plus spécifiquement et lorsqu'il s'agit de considérer les différences entre les sexes, les parents de premières-nées privilégient les aptitudes scolaires, l'indépendance, la politesse et le respect alors que pour les premiers-nés, l'accent est mis sur l'importance de la maturité émotionnelle et d'une bonne maîtrise des aptitudes sociales. L'étude n'a révélé aucune différence majeure entre les pères et les mères. Les enfants, filles ou garçons, privilégient également les aptitudes scolaires au-delà des aptitudes sociales. Ces résultats font l'objet d'une discussion à la lumière des caractéristiques de l'échantillon. El propósito de esta investigación es estudiar las opiniones de los padres sobre el desarrollo infantil de los palestinos en una comunidad urbana en Israel. Se les preguntó a los padres y a los niños que indicarán lo importante que pensaban que eran un conjunto de aptitudes para el desarrollo de los niños. En la investigación tomaron parte 48 madres palestinas, 48 padres palestinos y 57 primogénitos. Los padres fueron entrevistados para determinar sus opiniones sobre el desarrollo de los niños usando el " Developmental Timetable Questionaire " (Cuestionario del Programa del Desarrollo) (Hess, Kashiwagi, Azuma, Price & Dickson, 1980). Adémas, los nin~os fueron entrevistados para determinar la importancia de dos categorías de aptitudes tomadas del mismo cuestionario: las aptitudes sociales y las aptitudes relacionadas con el aprendizaje. Los resultados de la investigación indican que tanto los padres como las madres valoran las aptitudes relacionadas con el aprendizaje como las más importantes y las aptitudes culturales como las menos importantes. Más concretamente, al examinar las diferencias entre los sexos, los padres de las niñas primogénitas hacen hincapié en las aptitudes relacionadas con el aprendizaje, la independencia, la cortesía, y la conformidad como lo más importante para las niñas, mientras que los padres de los niños primogénitos hacen hincapié en la importancia de ser maduro emocionalmente y socialmente hábil. La investigación no reveló diferencias importantes entre los sexos de los padres. Los niños y las niñas valoran las aptitudes relacionadas con el aprendizaje más que las aptitudes sociales. Estos resultados son analizados en relación con las características de la muestra.     

Does Training in Alternative Assessment Matter? The Case of Prospective and Practicing Mathematics Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Alternative Assessment and Their Beliefs About the Nature of Mathematics

This study explored the training of prospective and practicing mathematics teachers in alternative assessment and its impact on their attitudes toward alternative assessment methods and their beliefs about the nature of mathematics. Data were collected from 51 prospective teachers and 50 practicing teachers who took a course on alternative assessment in mathematics. Findings indicated a significant change in the correlation between the positivist and constructivist dimensions of their beliefs about the nature of mathematics following the course. No significant differences were found between the prospective and practicing teachers’ beliefs either before or after the course nor in their attitudes toward alternative assessment after the course. Before the course, however, the two groups differed significantly in their attitudes toward alternative assessment. Findings also revealed significant changes in attitudes toward alternative assessment and beliefs about the nature of mathematics following participation in the course. These changes in attitudes and beliefs were accompanied by a shift in the nature of the assessment tasks written by the participants. Participants who demonstrated more positive attitudes and constructivist beliefs tended to write more conceptual problems and less procedural exercises. Implications for mathematics teacher training and professional development in alternative assessment are discussed.     

Gender and behavioural differences in Kuwait primary schools

Previous studies have found significant differences between the classroom behaviour of boys and girls. Most are within a single broad cultural context and little work has been done within an Arabic/Kuwaiti one. The main aim was to investigate the differences in behaviour between boys and girls in Kuwait primary schools. Data were collected that provided comparisons across questionnaires between parent and teacher returns for over 430 students. Separate teacher observations of students (n = 671) and classroom researcher observations were also obtained. Significant differences were found across the scales, indicating higher levels of externalising misbehaviour among boys than girls. A comparison with three studies conducted in other cultural contexts using the same strengths and difficulties instrument as used in this study found similarities and differences in results between the behaviour of boys and girls.     

E-government implementation strategies in developed and transition economies: A comparative study

In the last decade, electronic government in Europe has emerged and established itself as a viable alternative channel for public service delivery. While e-government has now matured in most developed European countries, transition economies in Europe, have only recently begun to recognise its potential benefits and incorporated e-government as part of their national strategy. Although time may result in the amplification of e-government experience for transition economy countries, lessons drawn from developed countries indicate that political, fiscal, social, strategic and organisational issues need to be addressed when formulating plans for deploying e-government. Using case study research, this paper examines strategies adopted by the UK and Slovakia in the context of e-government implementation. Particularly, the paper examines how the perspectives on e-government vision, strategy, focus and related organisational change influence the implementation and diffusion of e-government in developed and transition economies in Europe.