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21.
Minds Under Siege: Cognitive Signatures of Poverty and Trauma in Refugee and Non-Refugee Adolescents
Alexandra Chen Catherine Panter-Brick Kristin Hadfield Rana Dajani Amar Hamoudi Margaret Sheridan 《Child development》2019,90(6):1856-1865
The impacts of war and displacement on executive function (EF)—what we might call the cognitive signatures of minds under siege—are little known. We surveyed a gender-balanced sample of 12- to 18-year-old Syrian refugees (n = 240) and Jordanian non-refugees (n = 210) living in Jordan. We examined the relative contributions of poverty, trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress, and insecurity to variance in inhibitory control and working memory. We observed associations between poverty and WM, suggesting that, even in populations exposed to substantial violence and fear, poverty is a specific pathway to WM deficit. We did not, however, find associations between EFs and exposures to trauma. Careful distinction between childhood adversities may illuminate which neurocognitive pathways matter for measures of cognitive function. 相似文献
22.
Many prominent intelligence tests (e.g., Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fifth Edition [WISC-V] and Reynolds Intellectual Abilities Scale, Second Edition [RIAS-2]) offer methods for computing subtest- and composite-level difference scores. This study uses data provided in the technical manual of the WISC-V and RIAS-2 to calculate reliability coefficients for difference scores. Subtest-level difference score reliabilities range from 0.59 to 0.99 for the RIAS-2 and from 0.53 to 0.87 for the WISC-V. Composite-level difference score reliabilities generally range from 0.23 to 0.95 for the RIAS-2 and from 0.36 to 0.87 for the WISC-V. Emphasis is placed on comparisons recommended by test publishers and a discussion of minimum requirements for interpretation of differences scores is provided. 相似文献
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24.
总结了国内少数民族语言授课远程高等教育的发展过程,并比较分析了同一时期维吾尔语授课和蒙古语授课远程高等教育发展状况,由此提出了创办和发展蒙古语授课现代远程高等教育的启示。 相似文献
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26.
PhD students’ work conditions and study environment in university- and industry-based PhD programmes
During the last 10 years, new models of funding and training PhD students have been established in Denmark in order to integrate industry into the entire PhD education. Several programmes have been conducted where it is possible to co-finance PhD scholarships or to become an employee as an industrial PhD in a company. An important question is what impact these new conditions will have on the PhD students’ training, work conditions and study environment. In this article, the new type of programmes will be presented together with data analysis of PhD students’ work conditions and study environment in various programmes mainly based on a research project from 2006. The results of this study show no significant difference between PhD students in a traditional university PhD programme and PhD students in an industrial programme concerning working environment. However, the study shows significant differences in the intercultural dimension, where foreign PhD students are significantly more satisfied with their study environment compared with Danish PhD students. In general the workload is very high and the environment is stressful for all PhD students. 相似文献
27.
Kirby Deater-Deckard Paula Y. Mullineaux Stephen A. Petrill Lee A. Thompson 《Reading and writing》2009,22(1):107-116
We examined the associations between components of temperament and children’s word and pseudo-word reading skills, in a school-age
sample using a within-family internal-replication design. We estimated the statistical prediction of word and pseudo-word
reading in separate regression equations that included the main effects of, and two-way interaction between, Surgency and
Effortful Control. Children with better Effortful Control scores showed better reading skills. Surgency was unrelated to reading
skills, but moderated the effect of Effortful Control. The positive association between reading skills and Effortful Control
was present only for children who were low in Surgency. Thus, reading achievement in school-age children is optimized by strong
Effortful Control, but these processes may be disrupted for those children who are high in Surgency. 相似文献
28.
Christopher F. Lucey Sarah K. Y. Lam 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》2012,34(2):107-117
This study was designed to identify characteristics of family functioning that relate to suicide potential in an outpatient
adolescent population. Participants included 51 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 who were involved in outpatient
counselling. The Family Environment Scale and the Suicide Probability Scale were used to assess adolescents’ perception of
family social climate and degree of suicide risk respectively. Results revealed significant correlations between suicide risk
and family systems characterized by heightened conflict and lower levels of cohesion, independence, and organization. A stepwise
multiple regression analysis suggested that organization (related to clarity and structure in family activities and responsibilities)
was the strongest predictor of suicide risk. Implications for research and practice are considered. 相似文献
29.
AbstractThe present study aimed to examine the potential importance of orthographic flexibility for Chinese reading acquisition. Orthographic flexibility is a novel concept that represents the ability to manage and switch attention among multiple aspects of orthographic information. A total of 92 Chinese kindergarten children at age 6 were assessed on measures of orthographic flexibility, orthographic knowledge, executive functions (EF) skills (i.e. cognitive flexibility and working memory) and Chinese word reading. Results of hierarchical regressions showed that orthographic flexibility uniquely and significantly contributed to word reading beyond the effects of established predictors, namely orthographic knowledge and EF skills. Path analysis further indicated that orthographic flexibility significantly mediated the contribution of EF skills to word reading. These findings provided theoretical insights into the linkage between domain-general EF skills and domain-specific reading ability. The present study also provided practical implication that training on orthographic flexibility in addition to orthographic knowledge could be beneficial to early acquisition of Chinese word reading. 相似文献
30.
Learning & Behavior - Real-time changes in the interaction of a trial stimulus and the temporal properties of the interfood context were observed. An autoshaping procedure with pigeons... 相似文献