Enzyme kinetics? Elementary, my dear …

Catalysis is essential to make many critical biochemical reactions proceed at useful rates under physiological conditions. We had earlier discussed in Part 1¹ the basic principles of enzyme catalysis and derived the Michaelis-Menten equation. In this article, the significance of kinetic parameters and analysis of kinetic data will be discussed.     

Machine translation

Machine translation is the study of designing systems that translate from one human language into another. This is a hard problem, since processing natural language requires work at several levels, and complexities and ambiguities arise at each of those levels. Some pragmatic approaches can be used to tackle these issues, leading to extremely useful systems. This article introduces the main concepts, issues and techniques involved in machine translation, and looks at some applications.     

战略管理视角下研究生教育治理体系和治理能力研究

基于传统研究生教育治理研究的分析,从政府“战略三角”模型的全新视角探究研究生教育现代化治理路径,结合我国研究生教育发展实情和“两个一百年”奋斗目标,构建出具有中国特色的研究生教育治理体系和治理能力“矩形”战略模型,即价值—支持—运作—创新。从战略视角解读研究生教育现代化治理,发现价值体系与支持体系不健全、运作能力和创新能力显不足等主要治理困境。对此,推进研究生教育治理体系和治理能力现代化,在战略建设过程中价值体系需要因时而进、支持体系旨在因需而实、运作能力做到因事而举、创新能力强调因势而新。     

论国际政治中的国家利益

国家利益概念的形成经过了长期的发展过程。国家利益的属性主要是指它的具体性和抽象性、特殊性和普遍性、阶级性和民族性。国家利益在国际政治中起着关键性的作用。     

The liquid state

The liquid state is more complicated than either the gaseous or the solid crystalline state. However, using X-ray and neutron diffraction on the one hand and computer simulation on the other, detailed information has been obtained on the structure and dynamics of the liquid state.     

数学在文学,艺术及音乐中的集锦

数学在文学、艺术及音乐中的应用．     

在线品牌社区信息生态系统演进机理研究

[目的/意义]本文通过构建在线品牌社区信息生态系统演进模型,对在线品牌社区的信息生态系统构成要素及其内部反馈机制进行深入分析,探讨在线品牌社区的信息主体规模和信息环境与知识增量间的作用机理,揭示在线品牌社区信息生态系统演进的一般规律。[方法/过程]以信息生态学为视角对在线品牌社区信息生态系统的概念、构成要素进行分析,运用系统动力学方法构建在线品牌社区信息生态系统演进模型,通过仿真方法对系统演进机理进行分析。[结果/结论]从系统仿真分析结果来看,模型内部各水平变量在演进过程中的变化趋势较好的拟合了先前学者们的研究结论与理论观点,从而证明了模型构建的合理性与适用性。     

Cell-like-carbon-micro-spheres for robust potassium anode

Large-scale low-cost synthesis methods for potassium ion battery (PIB) anodes with long cycle life and high capacity have remained challenging. Here, inspired by the structure of a biological cell, biomimetic carbon cells (BCCs) were synthesized and used as PIB anodes. The protruding carbon nanotubes across the BCC wall mimicked the ion-transporting channels present in the cell membrane, and enhanced the rate performance of PIBs. In addition, the robust carbon shell of the BCC could protect its overall structure, and the open space inside the BCC could accommodate the volume changes caused by K⁺ insertion, which greatly improved the stability of PIBs. For the first time, a stable solid electrolyte interphase layer is formed on the surface of amorphous carbon. Collectively, the unique structural characteristics of the BCCs resulted in PIBs that showed a high reversible capacity (302 mAh g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ and 248 mAh g⁻¹ at 500 mA g⁻¹), excellent cycle stability (reversible capacity of 226 mAh g⁻¹ after 2100 cycles and a continuous running time of more than 15 months at a current density of 100 mA g⁻¹), and an excellent rate performance (160 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹). This study represents a new strategy for boosting battery performance, and could pave the way for the next generation of battery-powered applications.