Heart rates of high school physical education students during team sports, individual sports, and fitness activities

This study examined how activity type influenced heart rates and time spent in target heart rate zones of high school students participating in physical education classes. Significantly higher average heart rates existed for fitness (142 +/- 24 beats per minute [bpm]) compared to team (118 +/- 24 bpm) or individual (114 +/- 18) activities. Similar results occurred for the percentage of activity time spent within a target heart rate zone (fitness 81.7 +/- 15.9%, individual 68.4 +/- 30.5%, and team 60.6 +/- 30.5%). Boys attained higher heart rates during team activities, while female students had higher rates during individual activities indicating male and female adolescents respond differently to activity types. The highest mean heart rates were observed during fitness activities.     

An Informed Look at Doctoral Vivas (Oral Examinations) in the Preparation of Counselor Educators

Viva voce is the Latin expression traditionally used to refer to doctoral oral examinations. Viva voce, or simply viva, examinations are a standard requirement for doctoral candidacy and degree completion in many counselor education programs. Despite the prevalent use of vivas as an assessment and learning tool, the counselor education literature is scant on information about their rationale, method, and impact. Current trends toward transparency and accountability in higher education now require that counselor educators and researchers take steps to ensure that the use of vivas is justified beyond tradition alone.     

The influence of anxiety on visual attention in climbing

The object of the current study was to investigate anxiety-induced changes in movement and gaze behavior in novices on a climbing wall. Identical traverses were situated at high and low levels on a climbing wall to manipulate anxiety. In line with earlier studies, climbing times and movement times increased under anxiety. These changes were accompanied by similar changes in total and average fixation duration and the number of fixations, which were primarily aimed at the holds used for climbing. In combination with these findings, a decrease in search rate provided evidence for a decrease in processing efficiency as anxiety increased.     

Autism in a Family in China: An investigation and ethical consideration of sibling issues

Having a child with autism in China raises challenges for families. Some are similar to those of families in western countries, but others are unique. This study sought to understand one aspect—the dilemmas of having a second child in a country where having only one child is the norm, and where social welfare services are not developed. This study examined the experiences of one family from the time when the family were considering having a second child through to the time when the younger child was a teenager. The most salient issues were the changing perspectives on the sibling’s role, and the responsibility and future burden of the sibling due to this responsibility. We use three ethical theories as a framework for analysis. The data suggested several benefits of having a second child and the possibilities for promoting opportunities and well-being, and not just responsibility and worry, in the second child. Areas of future research to expand this study are considered.     

Conflict as a catalyst for learning

Rashné R. Jehangir challenges her students and herself to engage with tough issues like class, race, gender, disability, and homophobia. How does she help them learn from, and even embrace, the confict that inevitably arises? Read on to find out.     

留学的可知风险(1780～1880):国家主义、国际主义与美国大学的起源

在美国从殖民地走向独立的过程中,政治领袖们常常将教育视为国家进步的工具之一.学校和学院成为培养国家认同感和民族统一的理想场所,教育的功用与对国家繁荣、安全、和谐的追求紧密结合.美国革命初期,民族领袖们就教育与国家发展提出了一系列提议.其中,他们着重考虑了国立大学的提议--即建立一所确保美国立于世界开化国家之列的研究生教育机构.每一个关于国立大学的提案中都包含追求国家独立与清楚认识美国与欧洲的持续联系的深层矛盾.一些人认为欧洲能提供最好的高等教育机会,另一些人则警示国人有可能遭受来自海外的政治和学术污染.因此.美国独立战争后主要的矛盾就在于留学海外的可知风险.本文认为,1780～1800年间,阻止未来的领导者留学海外的希望是推动美国高等教育发展的主要动力.     

An examination of the mechanical interaction of drilling slurries at the soil-concrete contact

Evidence gained from previous field tests conducted on drilled shaft foundation shows that using drilling slurries to stabilize a borehole during the construction may influence the interfacial shear strength. This paper deals with an exhaustive study of the effects of drilling slurries at the contact between soil and concrete. This study involved adapting a simple shear apparatus and performing approximately 100 experimental tests on the interaction between two types of soils; clay and sandy clay and five specimens of concrete with different surface shapes. It also involved using bentonite and polymer slurries as an interface layer between soil and concrete. Results showed that an interface layer of bentonite slurry between clay and concrete decreases the interfacial shear strength by 23% and as an interface layer between sandy clay and concrete, bentonite increases interfacial shear strength by 10%. Using polymer slurry as an interface layer between clay and concrete decreases the interfacial shear strength by 17% while using it as an interface layer between sandy clay and concrete increases the interfacial shear strength by 10%. Fur- thermore, the data show that using bentonite and polymer slurry as an interface layer between clay and concrete decreases the sliding ratio by 50% to 60%, while increasing the sliding ratio by 44% to 56% when these are used as an interface layer between sandy clay and concrete.     

Empirical testing of a cognitive model to account for neuropsychological functioning underlying arithmetic problem solving

The efficacy of a cognitive-based arithmetic problem-solving model (Dinnel, Glover, & Halpain, in press; Dinnel, Glover, & Ronning, 1984) was tested using 989 students with learning disabilities. Comprehensive neuropsychological test battery information was used to predict composite arithmetic test performance as a means of examining the utility of this model. Results of this study offer support for Dinnel et al.'s (Dinnel, Glover, & Halpain, in press; Dinnel, Glover, & Ronning, 1984) model in accounting for arithmetic performance under continuous visual stimulus conditions. However, these data indicate a more complex neuropsychological underpinning to arithmetic performance in both visual and aural stimulus conditions. The neuropsychological aspects of arithmetic problem solving were discussed in relationship to this cognitive-based model.     

A meta-analysis of maturation-related variation in adolescent boy athletes’ adaptations to short-term resistance training

This meta-analysis investigated the maturation-related pattern of adaptations to resistance training in boy athletes. We included studies examining the effects of 4–16-week resistance training programmes in healthy boy athletes aged 10–18 years. Pooled estimates of effect size for change in strength across all studies (n = 19) were calculated using the inverse–variance random effects model for meta-analyses. Estimates were also calculated for groups based on likely biological maturity status (“before”, “during” and “after” peak height velocity). Using the standardised mean difference, resistance training increased strength across all groups (effect size = 0.98, [CI: 0.70–1.27]). Strength gains were larger during (1.11 [0.67–1.54]) and after (1.01 [0.56–1.46]) peak height velocity than before (0.5 [?0.06–1.07]). Adaptations to resistance training are greater in adolescent boys during or after peak height velocity. These findings should help coaches to optimise the timing of training programmes that are designed to improve strength in boy athletes.     

Examining coaches’ perceptions of how their stress influences the coach–athlete relationship

This study extends recent coach stress research by evaluating how coaches perceive their stress experiences to affect athletes, and the broader coach–athlete relationship. A total of 12 coaches working across a range of team sports at the elite level took part in semi-structured interviews to investigate the 3 study aims: how they perceive athletes to detect signals of coach stress; how they perceive their stress experiences to affect athletes; and, how effective they perceive themselves to be when experiencing stress. Following content analysis, data suggested that coaches perceived athletes able to detect when they were experiencing stress typically via communication, behavioural, and stylistic cues. Although coaches perceived their stress to have some positive effects on athletes, the overwhelming effects were negative and affected “performance and development”, “psychological and emotional”, and “behavioural and interaction” factors. Coaches also perceived themselves to be less effective when stressed, and this was reflected in their perceptions of competence, self-awareness, and coaching quality. An impactful finding is that coaches are aware of how a range of stress responses are expressed by themselves, and to how they affect athletes, and their coaching quality. Altogether, findings support the emerging view that coach stress affects their own, and athlete performance.