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41.
BackgroundResidual torque enhancement (rTE) is the increase in torque observed during the isometric steady state following active muscle lengthening when compared with a fixed-end isometric contraction at the same muscle length and level of neuromuscular activation. In the rTE state, owing to an elevated contribution of passive force to total force production, less active force is required, and there is a subsequent reduction in activation. In vivo studies of rTE reporting an activation reduction are often performed using a dynamometer, where participants contract against a rigid restraint, resisting a torque motor. rTE has yet to be investigated during a position task, which involves the displacement of an inertial load with positional control.MethodsA total of 12 participants (6 males, 6 females; age = 22.8 ± 1.1 years, height = 174.7 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 82.1 ± 37.7 kg; mean ± SD) completed torque- and position-matching tasks at 60% maximum voluntary contraction for a fixed-end isometric contraction and an isometric contraction following active lengthening of the ankle dorsiflexors.ResultsThere were no significant differences in activation between torque- and position-matching tasks (p = 0.743), with ∼27% activation reduction following active lengthening for both task types (p < 0.001).ConclusionThese results indicate that rTE is a feature of voluntary, position-controlled contractions. These findings support and extend previous findings of isometric torque-control conditions to position-controlled contractions that represent different tasks of daily living. 相似文献
42.
A longitudinal study of maternal involvement and symbolic play during the toddler period 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
A Slade 《Child development》1987,58(2):367-375
Social contexts may provide important clues to our understanding of early symbolic play development. In the present study, the effects of maternal involvement on symbolic play development during the toddler period were investigated. 16 mother-child dyads were observed at bimonthly intervals in a free-play setting during the period from 20 to 28 months of age. Mothers' availability as a play partner varied during the course of the half-hour play sessions, depending on the presence or absence of the experimenter. When differences in level and duration of symbolic play were examined in light of maternal availability, both the level of play and length of play episodes increased when the mother was available to play with the child. 3 maternal involvement conditions were then compared: mother actively interacting and suggesting during play, mother participating via verbal commentary, and child playing alone. Results indicate that both maternal involvement conditions raise the level and length of play episodes. 相似文献
43.
Systematic review of educational interventions for looked‐after children and young people: Recommendations for intervention development and evaluation
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Rhiannon Evans Rachel Brown Gwyther Rees Philip Smith 《British Educational Research Journal》2017,43(1):68-94
Looked‐after children and young people (LACYP) are educationally disadvantaged compared to the general population. A systematic review was conducted of randomised controlled trials evaluating interventions aimed at LACYP aged ≤18 years. Restrictions were not placed on delivery setting or delivery agent. Intervention outcomes were: academic skills; academic achievement and grade completion; special education status; homework completion; school attendance, suspension, and drop‐out; number of school placements; teacher‐student relationships; school behaviour; and academic attitudes. Fifteen studies reporting on 12 interventions met the inclusion criteria. Nine interventions demonstrated tentative impacts. However, evidence of effectiveness could not be ascertained due to variable methodological quality, as appraised by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Theoretical and methodological recommendations are provided to enhance the development and evaluation of educational interventions. 相似文献
44.
Toronto boasts a large and diverse system of public alternative schools: schools where democratic practices, student access and a commitment to public education are fundamental. There are academic schools; schools with thematically focused curricula; schools driven by social movement principles such as antiracism and global education; schools for students who do not thrive in mainstream schools; and schools with alternative scheduling and delivery practices for students who must work. The schools are small, supporting personalized relationships among teachers and students, with teacher-driven curricular programs that are responsive to student interests. Curricular innovation is made possible because alternative schools are only loosely coupled with the rest of the public education system, but they still must comply with school system regulations. This paper describes how teachers’ work and the structural elements of alternative schools support school-based innovation. 相似文献
45.
AbstractThis paper examines the way in which learning quality has been conceptualised and measured in school effectiveness surveys conducted by Young Lives, a longitudinal study of child poverty. Primary school surveys were conducted in Vietnam in 2010–11 and Ethiopia in 2012–13, and surveys at upper-primary and secondary level were conducted in Ethiopia, India and Vietnam in 2016–17. The paper discusses the design of cognitive tests to assess Maths and reading at primary level, and then focuses on the development of cognitive tests to assess Maths, functional English and transferable skills at upper-primary and secondary level. In particular, the paper explores how learning quality can be conceptualised and measured in relation to ‘twenty-first century skills’, which are increasingly seen as an important outcome of secondary education. The challenges of designing cognitive tests to measure and compare learning quality across three diverse country contexts are also explored. 相似文献
46.
Christine Brown Wilson Christine Slade 《International Journal for Academic Development》2020,25(2):189-194
ABSTRACT Scholarly discourses call for curriculum development to be democratic and collaborative, include multiple stakeholders’ perspectives, and aligned to values that promote the professional, social, and public good. Despite this, curriculum development remains an internal process: a situation challenged by a greater emphasis on employability. This paper reflects on a consensus model of curriculum development in health professions, based on constructivist principles, where internal and external stakeholders’ voices were incorporated and valued. A framework is presented to support a consensus model of curriculum development that is more likely to represent the socio-political context in which the future graduate may be employed. 相似文献
47.
ABSTRACTThis paper looks back on the methodology and experience of feminist consciousness-raising (CR) in the 1970s, in relation to the current re-emergence of feminism. It constructs an argument that a new wave of CR is desirable so as to construct new forms of feminist pedagogy and activism. The paper will argue that contemporary feminism in the UK and USA would benefit from this kind of methodology, through which a standpoint is constructed. The core of the paper is an analysis of how CR works as an affective and social process. Drawing on academic studies and participant accounts, the paper reconstructs the mechanisms through which participants’ subjectivities and narratives are expressed and transformed. It suggests that these mechanisms express different non-homogeneous temporalities. The paper invites feminist pedagogy to get back to the base level of experience and unfold new theories and strategies to address the current context. 相似文献
48.
The consequences of being labelled ‘looked‐after’: Exploring the educational experiences of looked‐after children and young people in Wales
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Dawn Mannay Rhiannon Evans Eleanor Staples Sophie Hallett Louise Roberts Alyson Rees Darren Andrews 《British Educational Research Journal》2017,43(4):683-699
The educational experiences and attainment of looked‐after children and young people (LACYP) remains an issue of widespread international concern. Within the UK, children and young people in care achieve poorer educational outcomes compared to individuals not in care. Despite proliferation of research documenting the reasons for educational disadvantage amongst this population, there remains limited empirical consideration of the lived experiences of the educational system, as perceived by LACYP themselves. This paper draws upon qualitative research with 67 care‐experienced children and young people in Wales. The sample was aged 6–27 years, and comprised 27 females and 40 males. Participants had experienced a range of care placements. Findings focus on how educational policies and practices alienate LACYP from dominant discourses of educational achievement through assignment of the ‘supported’ subject position, where children and young people are permitted and even encouraged not to succeed academically due to their complex and disrupted home circumstances. However, such diminished expectations are rejected by LACYP, who want to be pushed and challenged in the realisation of their potential. The paper argues that more differentiated understandings of LACYP's aspirations and capabilities need to be embedded into everyday practices, to ensure that effective educational support systems are developed. 相似文献
49.
The increasing calls for diversity research signal a need to explore strategies through which we attempt to interact with
and respond to diversity intentionally in courses and curricula. This case study of a first-year inquiry course in a college
of education fills a gap in the literature by documenting and analyzing instances of educators actively working with multiple
dimensions of diversity in the classroom so as to support students’ development of diversity-related competencies. The guiding
research question for this study was to explore what curricular and/or pedagogical activities students in a first-year experience
course identified as facilitating their engagement with diversity in an intentional, purposeful manner. 相似文献
50.
Bonnie B. Slade Ph.D. Margaret S. Steward Ph.D. Thomas L. Morrison Ph.D. Stephen I. Abramowitz Ph.D. 《Child abuse & neglect》1984,8(4):447-457
Abused children are believed to develop in a harsh environment with minimal contingency of parental responses to their behavior. Seligman proposed that noncontingent caregiving produces helplessness. In this study, helplessness was assessed by measures of persistence and locus of control and by an experimental manipulation which varied contingency feedback. Compared to matched nonabused peers, abused children showed no less persistence in working for rewards, made equivalent use of contingency information to maintain persistence, and assumed equivalent responsibility for success. However, they took less responsibility for failure. Family learning history may render abused children helpless primarily in avoidance of aversive outcomes. 相似文献