Intellectual development within transracial adoptive families: retesting the confluence model

The confluence model of intellectual development was estimated for a within-family sample of 321 children from 101 transracial adoptive families. Mental ages of the children and their parents, as well as birth or adoption intervals, were used in a nonlinear least-squares estimation procedure to obtain children's predicted mental ages. Contrary to an earlier report using these data, the confluence model performed quite well, accounting for up to 50% of the variance in mental age. When the relationship between chronological and mental age was taken into account, the predictive power of the model was reduced but not eliminated. The confluence model was also fitted separately to various subsamples. The model generated a good fit to the data from both biological and adopted children and fit the data from early-adopted children much better than the data from later-adopted children. Both findings were taken as evidence that the confluence model provides an environmental account of intellectual development within the family.     

论刑事诉讼羁押制度的程序化

通过分析刑事诉讼中存在的超期羁押现象,可以发现现行羁押制度的非程序化是其产生的原因之一.因此,羁押制度的程序化对于消除超期羁押有重要意义.     

Evaluation of compatibility effects in the precuing of arm and direction parameters

The present study evaluated the role of compatibility effects in the precuing of arm and direction parameters. In the first two experiments different stimulus and response arrangements were examined. For all three experiments the spatial precue and imperative stimuli were compatibly assigned to responses (i.e., a direct correspondence existed between the stimulus and response locations). Experiments 1 and 2 indirectly tested the effect of decision processes required by the stimulus-response set. Experiment 1 replicated previous research that has found longer reaction times for the direction uncertain parameter as compared to arm uncertain. Experiment 2 examined the precuing of arm and direction parameters with stimuli that maintained right-left arrangements for both parameters. Unlike Experiment 1, reaction times did not differ for precuing the two movement parameters. Experiment 3 directly examined the effect of differential decision requirements from up-down spatial stimuli and right-left spatial stimuli for a single parameter. In support of results from the first two experiments, results indicated longer reaction times for decisions from up-down stimuli as compared to right-left stimuli. Because reaction times for precued movement parameters are a function of the stimulus and response arrangements used, differences in reaction times are most likely due to compatibility effects arising from differences in the spatial arrangements of the precued stimulus and response set.