Does life satisfaction predict victimization experiences in adolescence?

Longitudinal relationships between adolescents' life satisfaction and peer victimization and prosocial experiences were assessed. A total of 417 students in Grades 6–8 completed the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale (MSLSS: Huebner, 1994) and the Children's Social Experience Questionnaire – Self Report (SEQ‐SR: Crick & Grotpeter, 1996) on two occasions (Time 1 and Time 2), 1 year apart. The results revealed that Time 1 life satisfaction scores did not add to the prediction of Time 2 overt victimization scores but did add to the prediction of Time 2 relational victimization scores and prosocial experiences. Additionally, Time 1 overt victimization, relational victimization, and prosocial experiences did not significantly add to the prediction of Time 2 general life satisfaction. However, the predictive equations for Time 1 relational victimization and prosocial experiences approached significance, suggesting the possibility of bidirectional effects between life satisfaction and relational victimization and prosocial peer experiences. Most interestingly, lower levels of life satisfaction appeared to be a newly identified risk factor for two qualitatively distinct types of adverse peer relationships (relational victimization and lack of prosocial experiences). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Conditioned inhibition in feature negative discrimination learning with pigeons

Discrimination performance was investigated with pigeons using feature negative (FN) discrimination procedures which differed in the temporal arrangement of the stimuli on S? trials. In both procedures, a single common element was presented on reinforced (S+) trials. In thesimultaneous FN procedure, a distinguishing element was presented simultaneously with the common element of S? trials. In thesequential FN procedure, the distinguishing element preceded onset of the common element on S? trials. In two experiments, the sequential FN procedure yielded better discrimination performance. In Experiment 1, a summation test designed to separate learning and performance variables indicated that sequential FN subjects had learned the negative relationship between the distinguishing element and reinforcement while simultaneous FN subjects had not. In Experiment 2, summation and acquisition tests indicated that the distinguishing element developed inhibitory properties in the sequential FN procedure but not in the simultaneous FN procedure.     

Genetic influences in different aspects of language development: the etiology of language skills in 4.5-year-old twins

The genetic and environmental etiologies of diverse aspects of language ability and disability, including articulation, phonology, grammar, vocabulary, and verbal memory, were investigated in a U.K. sample of 787 pairs of 4.5-year-old same-sex and opposite-sex twins. Moderate genetic influence was found for all aspects of language in the normal range. A similar pattern was found at the low end of the distribution with the exception of two receptive measures. Environmental influence was mainly due to nonshared factors, unique to the individual, with little influence from shared environment for most measures. Genetic and environmental influences on language ability and disability are quantitatively and qualitatively similar for males and females.     

Genetic and environmental influences in adolescent peer socialization: evidence from two genetically sensitive designs

Harris argues that peer relationships are the chief determinants of personality development. Harris's thesis makes the behavioral genetic investigation of peer groups particularly timely. The present study examined genetic and environmental contribution to self-reported peer-group characteristics in two samples of adolescent siblings: 180 adoptive and nonadoptive sibling pairs from the Colorado Adoption Project, and 386 sibling pairs from the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development Study. Substantial genetic influence emerged for college orientation, with the remaining variance accounted for by nonshared environment. For delinquency, however, the majority of the variance was explained by nonshared environment. Although genetic influence was implicated for peer popularity in twin analyses, genetic factors were not important in explaining individual differences in nontwin siblings. These results suggest that although some dimensions of peers are somewhat mediated by genetic factors, nonshared environmental influence is substantial.     

Elementary school quality,the mathematics curriculum and the role of local knowledge

This article uses data from several elementary school classrooms in Chicago on how students learn to calculate, and reviews similar data from a number of developing countries to examine the strengths and limitations of using the mathematical knowledge which students develop on their own outside of formal schooling to increase the amount, range and power of mathematical knowledge which is acquired through formal schooling. In so doing it attempts to reconcile the views of those who believe that the key to improving elementary school quality lies in improving the technology of instruction and those who believe that it lies in a deeper understanding of the mental life of children. It concludes by arguing that the quality of elementary schooling can be improved through skilled management of the environmentally acquired knowledge which students bring to instruction, if this knowledge is transformed through pedagogic and curricular interventions into a set of portable intellectual skills.

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Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel werden Daten von einigen Chicagoer Grundschulklassen zu den von Schülern zum Rechnenlernen benutzten Methoden verwertet. Anhand ähnlicher Daten aus einigen Entwicklungsländern wird überprüft, ob es von Vorteil oder Nachteil ist, das außerhalb des Schulunterrichts entwickelte mathematische Wissen zu verwenden, um den Umfang, die Reichweite und die Fähigkeit des durch die formale Bildung gewonnenen Wissens zu erweitern. Dadurch wird versucht, die oft vertretene Meinung, der Schlüssel zur Qualitätsverbesserung in den Grundschulen läge in der Verbesserung der Instruktionstechnologien mit dem Standpunkt derjenigen in Einklang zu bringen, die glauben, es läge am tieferen Verständnis der Denkweise von Kindern. Der Artikel schließt mit dem Argument, daß die Qualität des Grundschulunterrichts durch geschicktes Handhaben des durch die Umwelt erworbenen Wissens, das die Schüler zum Lernen anregt, verbessert werden kann, wenn dieses Wissen durch pädagogische und curriculare Mitsprache in eine Reihe tragbarer intellektueller Fähigkeiten verwandelt wird.

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Résumé Le présent article se sert des données fournies par plusieurs classes élémentaires de Chicago sur la manière dont les élèves apprennent à calculer, et examine les données similaires de plusieurs pays en développement pour analyser les points forts et les points faibles de l'exploitation des connaissances en mathématiques que les élèves acquièrent seuls en dehors de l'école formelle pour renforcer la quantité, la portée et l'intensité du savoir mathématique qui est acquis à l'école formelle. Pour ce faire, on tente de rapprocher les vues de ceux qui croient que la clé de l'amélioration de la qualité de l'école élémentaire réside dans l'amélioration de la technologie et de ceux qui pensent qu'elle réside plutôt dans une plus grande compréhension de la vie mentale des enfants. L'auteur de cet article conclut en montrant que la qualité de l'enseignement fondamental peut être améliorée grâce à une gestion experte du savoir acquis localement que les élèves apportent dans leur éducation, à condition que ce savoir puisse être transformé par des interventions pédagogiques et curriculaires en une série de compétences intellectuelles valables.

     

A management program for elective mutism

Behavior modification procedures are described for establishing compliant behavior in elective mutes. The results are discussed for three children to whom the procedure was applied. The length of the training period was two weeks for the first child, twelve days for the second, and six weeks for the third. Two of the three subjects generalized responsive and spontaneous language from the experimental to everyday settings.     

Supervision of Doctoral Students in the Natural Sciences: expectations and experiences

Within the natural sciences and engineering, literature relating to postgraduate education, in particular the process of completing a doctorate, remains generally scarce. That which does exist emphasises the role of the supervisor in effecting successful completion and points to a wide range of activities performed by supervisors. There remains, however, little by way of accounts of the actual experiences of supervisors or students when engaged in the process of doctoral supervision. It is these experiences which form the basis of this paper which focuses upon doctoral students and their supervisors in the disciplines of physics, mathematics and engineering science. Data for the paper have been collected, as part of an ESRC funded project, by means of in‐depth interviews with students and supervisors in nine universities in England. In particular, we address students expectations of PhD supervision, the extent to which expectations have been met, and within the context of the ‘career’ of the PhD, the ways in which supervision changes as the doctoral process progresses. Important issues relating to the need for training for PhD supervisors and their capacity to meet the expectations of their students are raised, together with those which question the relationship between the PhD and the culture of academic work.