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211.
212.
Julie A. Holmes 《Learning Environments Research》2011,14(3):263-277
This study examined changes in student motivation and achievement in science during a visit to a university children’s science
museum. The study was based on the pretest–posttest control comparison group design with four treatment groups: control, exhibit,
lesson and exhibit/lesson. The sample consisted of 228 sixth-grade students from a Louisiana public school who were randomly
assigned to one of the four experimental groups. Pretest, posttest and delayed posttest measures of intrinsic motivation and
achievement in science were obtained using the Children’s Academic Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and an achievement test
written to measure areas of science incorporated in the museum exhibits. The data were analysed using a one-way ANOVA, dependent
t tests and Pearson r. Significant differences were found within groups for (1) the lesson group in motivation and (2) the exhibit group in achievement
from pretest to posttest and from posttest to delayed posttest. A significant relationship between level of motivation and
science achievement was revealed for the exhibit group on the delayed posttest. There were no other significant findings to
support that the treatment led to any long-term effects on motivation or achievement within any of the four experimental groups. 相似文献
213.
214.
Identification of distinct units within a continuous flow of human action is fundamental to action processing. Such segmentation
may rest in part on statistical learning. In a series of four experiments, we examined what types of statistics people can
use to segment a continuous stream involving many brief, goal-directed action elements. The results of Experiment 1 showed no evidence for sensitivity to conditional probability, whereas Experiment 2 displayed learning based on joint probability. In Experiment 3, we demonstrated that additional exposure to the input failed to engender sensitivity to conditional probability. However,
the results of Experiment 4 showed that a subset of adults—namely, those more successful at identifying actions that had been seen more frequently than
comparison sequences—were also successful at learning conditional-probability statistics. These experiments help to clarify the mechanisms subserving processing
of intentional action, and they highlight important differences from, as well as similarities to, prior studies of statistical
learning in other domains, including language. 相似文献
215.
In a Pavlovian conditioning situation, an initially neutral stimulus may be made excitatory by nonreinforced presentations
in compound with an established conditioned excitor [i.e., second-order conditioning (SOC)]. The established excitor may be
either a punctate cue or the training context. In four conditioned suppression experiments using rats, we investigated whether
SOC phenomena parallel other cue interaction effects. In Experiment 1, we found that the response potential of a target stimulus
was directly related to the intertrial interval when SOC was mediated by a punctate cue, and inversely related to the intertrial
interval when SOC was mediated by the training context. Experiment 2 demonstrated that punctate- and context-mediated SOC
are oppositely affected by posttraining context extinction, and Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that context- and punctate-mediated
SOC are differentially affected by conditioned stimulus (Experiment 3) and unconditioned stimulus (Experiment 4) preexposure
treatments. These findings parallel phenomena in conditioned inhibition and cue competition situations. 相似文献
216.
Attempts at school reform and improvement have experienced difficulty creating and implementing feedback systems that energize
and sustain change efforts. If the call for reform at all levels of education is to be met, attention must be given to establishing
effective feedback mechanisms in educational institutions as they embark on improvement efforts. The purpose of this article
is to describe application of an educational design metaphor to create a Knowledge Management System that provides teachers
with timely and constructive feedback about their professional practice. This system includes the way in which a corpus of
professional knowledge about differentiated content and instruction, classroom grouping, evidence-based practice and classroom
management can be embedded in a set of tools that provides multiple stakeholders (teachers, students, administrators) the
opportunity to generate feedback about instructional practice. Use of the approach is discussed within the broader context
of Knowledge Management as a vehicle to extend the role of feedback in school reform and improvement within a long term pilot
application in one school. 相似文献
217.
218.
Stephen C. Yanchar Bruce W. Gabbitas 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2011,59(3):383-398
This paper presents the concept of critical flexibility as an alternative to eclecticism in instructional design. Eclecticism is often viewed as a persuasive alternative to theoretical
orthodoxy (i.e., rigid use of a single perspective or process) due to the openness and flexibility it purports to offer. In
contrast, the authors argue that eclecticism ignores or discourages critical reflection regarding background understanding
(e.g., implicit assumptions and values) and perpetuates the lack of openness and flexibility commonly associated with orthodoxy.
Critical flexibility, as an alternative to eclecticism, emphasizes an awareness of background understanding, but construes
it as capable of being explicated, critically examined, adjusted in specific contexts, and refined or developed over time
to facilitate increasingly flexible and effective design practices. The authors clarify the nature of critical flexibility
as a general way of being involved in the design process, suggest how it helps overcome the traditional theory–practice split,
and discuss several of its implications for scholarship and training. 相似文献
219.
The past two decades have witnessed an exponential growth in the use of technology in our daily life. Notwithstanding its
phenomenal influence, the use of technology in education remains sporadic and disjointed. The promise that technology will
bring deep-seated changes in the way that educators teach and students learn remains, disappointedly, elusive. This paper
argues that the lack of systemic frame of reference may have explanatory power over such less than impressive performance
of ICT in education. Tracing the trajectory of Singapore’s ICT-related policies in the educational sector, this paper adopts
the complexity lens to study the systemic policy changes that are imbued in the different stages of Singapore’s ICT-based
reforms. In particular, the paper delves into the three constructs of complexity theory: self-organisation, coevolution and
fitness landscape. By juxtaposing the interdependencies of these three concepts against the backdrop of Singapore’s educational
landscape, the paper contends that the complexity theory perspective has the potential to help policymakers understand the
dynamic and complex nature of reforms so as to devise multi-faceted solutions that will address the concerns of all key stakeholders
in the learning ecology. Implications for policymaking are also discussed. 相似文献
220.
Borrowing from banks has become a common practice among Chinese higher education institutions (HEIs), and operating with a
heavy debt load has become a characteristic of Chinese higher educational development. Substantial financial commitments acquired
by HEIs during their rapid expansion since 1998 are now having serious consequences: numerous universities and colleges have
found themselves with major debt problems. Some are even facing insolvency. This paper describes the background of Chinese
HEIs’ debt problems, assesses the present debt and repayment situation, and suggests a possible solution for the university
debt crisis, using empirical evidence from one HEI in China. 相似文献