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31.
The blurring of distinctions between online and distance education in many parts of the developed world has led to reflections on the strategies and processes by which we create effective online learning environments for the distance education learner. In this article we argue that the foundational models of instructional design that typically inform the design, development, and delivery of online environments do not always support the epistemology and pedagogy that embodies the online environment. Through an analysis of current approaches to instructional design we present a case for adopting principles of emergence theory as a means to best harness the power and potential of design and development for online distance education. Using a prototype three‐phase design model that embodies emergent principles we advocate that to achieve the full potential of interaction and community networks through online communications requires a repositioning of roles and processes associated with “instructional design.” 相似文献
32.
This paper reports on a study that focused on growth of understanding about teaching geometry by a group of prospective teachers engaged in lesson plan study within a computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) environment. Participation in the activity was found to facilitate considerable growth in the participants?? pedagogical-content knowledge (PCK). Factors that influenced growth in PCK included the nature of the lesson planning task, the cognitive scaffolds inserted into the CSCL virtual space, the meta-language scaffolds provided to the participants, and the provision of both private and public discourse spaces. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing effective knowledge-building discourse about mathematics PCK within prospective teacher education CSCL environments. 相似文献
33.
Although peer-based work is encouraged by theories in developmental psychology and although classroom interventions suggest
it is effective, there are grounds for recognising that young pupils find collaborative learning hard to sustain. Discontinuities
in collaborative skill during development have been suggested as one interpretation. Theory and research have neglected situational
continuities that the teacher may provide in management of formal and informal collaborations. This experimental study, with
the collaboration of the science faculty in one urban secondary college, investigated the effect of two role attribution strategies
on communication in peer groups of different gender composition in three parallel Year 8 science classes. The group were set
a problem that required them to design an experiment to compare the thermal insulating properties of two different materials.
This presents the data collected and key findings, and reviews the findings from previous parallel studies that have employed
the same research design in different school settings. The results confirm the effectiveness of social role attribution strategies
in teacher management of communication in peer-based work. 相似文献
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36.
In recent years Australian primary schools have adopted an across-the-curriculum approach to writing. However, relatively
little research has been conducted in the area of primary science. This paper reports the result of a small scale collaborative
study involving a Year 2 and a Year 5 class, and their classroom teacher, which used science activities as the basis for developing
report-writing skills using a framework consisting of three focus questions. Students in both classes learned to use the framework
in one term and it was found that it improved the quality of reports.
Specialisations: science and technology curriculum development, secondary and primary teacher education in agriculture, science and environmental
education.
Specialisations: cognition and curriculum, early childhood and primary teacher education in science and social education. 相似文献
37.
Effects of swing-weight on swing speed and racket power 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Measurements are presented of the speed at which six different rods could be swung by four male students. Three of the rods had the same mass but their swing-weight (i.e. moment of inertia) differed by large factors. The other three rods had the same swing-weight but different masses. Our primary objective was to quantify the effects of mass and swing-weight on swing speed. The result has a direct bearing on whether baseball, tennis, cricket and golf participants should choose a heavy or light implement to impart maximum speed to a ball. When swinging with maximum effort, swing speed (V) was found to decrease as swing-weight (Io) increased, according to the relation V = C/Ion, where C is a different constant for each participant and n = 0.27 when Io > 0.03 kg x m2. Remarkably similar results were obtained previously with softball bats (where n = 0.25) and golf clubs (where n = 0.26). Swing speed remained approximately constant as swing mass increased (when keeping swing-weight fixed). The implications for racket power are discussed. 相似文献
38.
帮助运动员支持1天进行2次训练 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J.MarkDavis MikeGentry DaveKennedy DeanKleinschmidt A.T.C. RodWalterss D.A. ClydeWilliams常翠青 陈吉棣 《体育科学》2001,21(1):91-94
1天2次的训练通常是美国橄榄球进行比赛季节早期身体条件训练和许多其他运动项目进行常年运动训练的一部分。额外的训练有助于加速身体条件训练,给力量训练和技能发展留出时间,还有助于在队友中发展同志合作精神。1天2次训练的特点是强调体质的适应性。在夏季训练时,运动员频繁地置身于附加的湿热环境应激下。我们专家组就1天2次训练中的高能量需要、有限的恢复时间和“制造伤口”的心理应激问题进行讨论,基于科学理论和临床经验提出帮助运动员在1天2次的训练中获得最大的成效的策略。 相似文献
39.
Havriluk R 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2005,76(2):112-118
The streamline is a basic position for competitive swimming starts and turns and has been used in many studies on resistiveforces. However, there is a wide variety of theoretical interpretations in these studies, leading to diverse and questionable conclusions. The purpose of this study was to determine performance level differences in the streamline position using a meta-analysis. Faster swimmers had a significantly lower coefficient of drag (Cd) than slower swimmers, (M = .57, z = 4.30, p < . 001, SE = .13, 95 % CI = .32-.82) and, therefore, a more effective streamline position. The results support considering all the related variables in a study ofpassive drag and using the Cd to discriminate between performance levels in swimming. 相似文献
40.
Research in Science Education - 相似文献