帮助运动员支持1天进行2次训练

1天2次的训练通常是美国橄榄球进行比赛季节早期身体条件训练和许多其他运动项目进行常年运动训练的一部分。额外的训练有助于加速身体条件训练，给力量训练和技能发展留出时间，还有助于在队友中发展同志合作精神。1天2次训练的特点是强调体质的适应性。在夏季训练时，运动员频繁地置身于附加的湿热环境应激下。我们专家组就1天2次训练中的高能量需要、有限的恢复时间和“制造伤口”的心理应激问题进行讨论，基于科学理论和临床经验提出帮助运动员在1天2次的训练中获得最大的成效的策略。     

Performance level differences in swimming: a meta-analysis of passive drag force

The streamline is a basic position for competitive swimming starts and turns and has been used in many studies on resistiveforces. However, there is a wide variety of theoretical interpretations in these studies, leading to diverse and questionable conclusions. The purpose of this study was to determine performance level differences in the streamline position using a meta-analysis. Faster swimmers had a significantly lower coefficient of drag (Cd) than slower swimmers, (M = .57, z = 4.30, p < . 001, SE = .13, 95 % CI = .32-.82) and, therefore, a more effective streamline position. The results support considering all the related variables in a study ofpassive drag and using the Cd to discriminate between performance levels in swimming.     

Science teacher participation in reviews of syllabi—more than an organizational dilemma

Research in Science Education -     

Factorial validity and invariance of a self-report measure of physical activity among adolescent girls

We examined the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 3-day physical activity recall (3DPAR) using confirmatory factor analysis. Adolescent girls from two cohorts (N = 955, N = 1,797) completed the 3DPAR in the eighth grade; participants in Cohort 2 (N = 1,658) completed the 3DPAR again 1 year later in the ninth grade. The 3DPAR was best represented by two uncorrelated factors in Cohort 1. The two-factor, uncorrelated measurement model exhibited evidence of cross-validity between Cohorts 1 and 2. This model also exhibited configural and partial metric invariance between race and across time. Hence, the 3DPAR consisted of two uncorrelated factors underlying three indicators of both moderate and vigorous physical activity in this sample of Black and White girls across a 1-year period. The 3DPAR can be used in cross-sectional, prospective cohort and intervention studies that examine mediators and moderators of physical activity among Black and White adolescent girls.     

Physical activities and sedentary pursuits in African American and Caucasian girls

The purposes of this study were to describe and compare the specific physical activity choices and sedentary pursuits of African American and Caucasian American girls. Participants were 1,124 African American and 1,068 Caucasian American eighth-grade students from 31 middle schools. The 3-Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR) was used to measure participation in physical activities and sedentary pursuits. The most frequently reported physical activities were walking, basketball, jogging or running, bicycling, and social dancing. Differences between groups were found in 11 physical activities and 3 sedentary pursuits. Participation rates were higher in African American girls (p < or = .001) for social dancing, basketball, watching television, and church attendance but lower in calisthenics, ballet and other dance, jogging or running, rollerblading, soccer, softball or baseball, using an exercise machine, swimming, and homework. Cultural differences of groups should be considered when planning interventions to promote physical activity.     

Adolescents' collaboration in the classroom: Do peer relationships or gender matter?

Peer collaboration can be a useful tool in a school classroom to help students perform at their best. With whom should students be paired, though? Previous research yields inconsistent findings regarding whether the benefits of peer collaboration depend on the gender or friendship of collaborators. We paired students with a same‐gender friend or a nonfriend in their classroom to examine whether friendship and specific dimensions of relationship quality were important for understanding adolescent (N = 132 high‐school students) boys' and girls' performance on a scientific reasoning task. Dimensions of relationship quality were related to task performance with greater perceived conflict predicting poorer performance. Girls outperformed boys, but the difference was marginal and nonsignificant after accounting for dimensions of relationship quality. Friends' and nonfriends' performance was similar. Results are informative for educators who use collaboration as an instructional technique and for other professionals who work to support the development of effective reasoning and problem‐solving skills among adolescents. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Culturally appropriate means and ends of counselling as described by the First Nations people of British Columbia

This paper focuses on one aspect of the author's Ph.D. dissertation which examined the facilitation of healing for First Nations people of British Columbia Canada. the research finding discussed in this paper is that the means and ends of counselling for First Nations people differ from those of the Western therapeutic approaches utilized by the majority culture in Canada. These differences are illustrated by the First Nations world view and the unique goals of healing for First Nations people. it is necessary for counsellors to be responsive to these goals if they are to be effective in working with Native people (Please note that the terms First Nations, Native, and Aboriginal are used interchangeably to refer to the same people).     

“...the execution has not been equal to what the author promised to himself and to the public”

The author offers a highly critical evaluation of the Zuker text, arguing that while the book does address significant legal issues in Canadian education, it is erratically organized, inconsistent, and confusing. Indeed, the author argues that the book represents a veritable compilation of problems which never should have escaped editorial scrutiny.