The Rôle of Television in the Teaching of Modern Languages

Black author James Baldwin has observed, ‘People are trapped in history and history is trapped in them. This perceptive comment invites teachers to explore the experiences of their students as the content of classroom instruction. Unfortunately, most history instructors have ignored this approach. This omission is particularly lamentable in regard to black students. The ability of a teacher to stimulate reflection on issues of significance to young blacks is clearly dependent upon his or her skill in identifying the universal concerns of the Afro-American community. One instructional resource that might help a history instructor accomplish this goal is popular music. However, the lyrics of black singers are rarely introduced in the classroom. One critic has capsuled the shortsightedness of this instructional omission by noting, ‘Black music has been the vanguard reflection of black feeling and the continuous repository of black consciousness’. His words warrant serious consideration by history teachers.     

Microcomputer Integration into a Special Education Institute in Bahrain: A Pilot Project

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the introduction of microcomputers into the Hope Institute, a school for mildly mentally retarded children. Readily available software in English could not be implemented, hence software had to be specially written for this pilot project. The package was demonstrated to the officials concerned at the Institute and was well received. It is expected that the growing awareness about the use of computers in the secondary schools of Bahrain will reinforce the results of our experiment and promote the introduction of computers into the special education institutes of the country.     

Rater Cognition: Implications for Validity

The scoring process is critical in the validation of tests that rely on constructed responses. Documenting that readers carry out the scoring in ways consistent with the construct and measurement goals is an important aspect of score validity. In this article, rater cognition is approached as a source of support for a validity argument for scores based on constructed responses, whether such scores are to be used on their own or as the basis for other scoring processes, for example, automated scoring.     

信赖档案工作者：档案职业道德在建立公众信任中的作用

道德标准是衡量人们行为合理性的一个哲学分支,它教导人们做出合乎道德的行为.为做出合乎道德的决定提供参考,通常涉及到道德规范的制定.     

The system of intellectual support for making decisions by planning and training

The paper is devoted to the problem of the qualitative training of management specialists. New methods and instruments permitting the quality of accepted decisions to be heightened are described. It is suggested to use an SISDM containing the functions of the system as an instrument for planning decisions and training in decision making with the use of computerized methods for the active teaching of the method for the analysis of concrete situations and management games.     

The impact of collective efficacy beliefs on effort and persistence in a group task

Collective efficacy is an important determinant of the motivation of individuals within groups, with increases in collective efficacy producing more effort in a task and greater persistence when faced with failure. To test hypotheses concerning the impact of collective efficacy on effort and persistence, participants (n = 22) were assigned to triads (consisting of the participant and two confederates) and performed three time trials on cycle ergometers. After trial 1, the participants were assigned to either a high or low collective efficacy condition, receiving appropriate bogus performance feedback. All groups received failure feedback after trial 2. Effort was assessed by performance time and maximum heart rate (HRmax) achieved during performance. A 2 (collective efficacy condition) x 3 (trials) analysis of variance with repeated measures on trials revealed significant interaction effects for both performance time and HRmax. Fisher's least significant difference post-hoc tests indicated that, following efficacy manipulation, groups low in collective efficacy significantly reduced both their performance time and HRmax, whereas groups high in collective efficacy maintained performance and HRmax. However, predictions concerning the impact of failure on persistence were not supported. Our results provide partial support for the role of collective efficacy in team sports.