Problem solving and classical genetics: Successful versus unsuccessful performance

Expert-novice problem-solving research is extended in this study to include classical genetics. Eleven undergraduates (novices) and nine graduate students and instructors (experts) were videotaped as they solved moderately complex genetics problems. Detailed analysis of these “think aloud” protocols resulted in 32 common tendencies that could be used to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful problem solvers. Experts perceive a problem as a task requiring analysis and reasoning and they tend to use a knowledge-development (forward-working) approach. They make frequent checks on the correctness of their work, use accurate and detailed bookkeeping procedures, and have a broader range of heuristics to apply to the problem. It is clear that studying problem solving using the expert/novice design requires that the problems be difficult enough to require more than more recall and yet simple enough to allow novices a chance for solution. Applying elementary probability concepts seemed to be the most difficult aspect of many of the genetics problems, even for the experts.     

Why the timing deficit hypothesis does not explain reading disability in adults

It has been proposed that the phonological coredeficit that is linked to reading failure hasas its underlying cause a deficit in temporalprocessing. In a multivariate investigationdesigned to examine the temporal processingdeficit hypothesis, thirty reading-disabled(RD) adults, thirty-two normally achievingadults and thirty-one normally achievingchildren (reading-level controls) wereadministered a comprehensive battery thatincluded a wide range of timing tasks, inaddition to reading and phonological measures. Although adults with RD displayed overallperformance that was below that of normallyachieving adults on most of the timing tasks,their performance was not differentiallyinfluenced by rate of stimulus presentation. Although the RD adults displayed the typicalpattern of impaired phonological awareness andpseudoword reading relative to reading-levelmatched children, the reading-disabled adultsoutperformed the children on the timing tasks. Finally, with the exception of continuousnaming, the timing tasks shared little variancewith phonological sensitivity and contributedlittle unique variance to word reading. Although these findings undermine the timingdeficit hypothesis, they do provide evidencefor the involvement of naming deficits inreading disability.     

抗战期间广州生活必需品价格研究

1937年8月31日,日军首次空袭广州,经历一年多的轰炸,广州于1938年10月沦陷。沦陷期间日军对广州的工业、商业、金融业的全面统制和掠夺,导致广州生活必需品价格较抗战前动荡多变,呈现出高涨至低廉,再由低廉至高涨,并最终走向崩溃的折线。抗战期间生活必需品价格畸形发展的最主要原因是战争;日军对广州实行经济操控以达其“以战养战”侵略政策导致金融秩序混乱;国民政府为了平衡收支大量增发货币导致严重通货膨胀,以及商人囤积居奇推动物价进一步高涨;加之抗战期间广东自然灾害频发,加重物资短缺。生活必需品价格动荡严重影响百姓生活,致使商业萧条,人民生活极度困难,饿殍载道,沦为难民者多。     

Examining the impacts of the structures writing intervention for teaching fourth-grade students to write informational text

Reading and Writing - Expository writing may be especially difficult for elementary grade students due to lack of background knowledge and unfamiliar text structures. A text structure writing...     

Park and Museum Interpretation: Helping Visitors Find Meaning

Interpretation is defined as an activity that “facilitates an intellectual and emotional connection between the interests of the visitor and the meanings of the resource.” The concept of helping visitors connect to meanings is a constant theme in the development of philosophies and practices in interpretation over the last century. Parks and museums have long shared in the effort to put this concept into practice. This article documents this history and the implications for contemporary interpretation.