Sex differences in achievement goals: do school subjects matter?

European Journal of Psychology of Education - Many studies have already found differences between male and female students in various motivational variables. With regard to the stereotypes...     

The Possession and Use of Toys in Elementary‐School Boys and Girls: does giftedness make a difference?

This study investigates whether gifted children differ from non‐gifted regarding the possession and use of toys and whether gifted are less affected by traditional gender roles in these two variables. The parents of 286 fourth‐grade elementary school students (151 intellectually gifteds [IQ >= 130] and 135 children of average intelligence) responded to a list of 30 toy groups. It was assessed (a) which toys are present in the household and (b) how often they are used by the child. The analysis revealed that only the use of toys typical for boys displayed a mildly significant effect for giftedness. Dramatic gender effects were found: with the exception of the use of athletic equipment and group games, both groups exhibited gender‐specific toy possession and toy use to an equal degree.     

A beginner's beginning

Seventeenth‐Century Lyrics. By Alexander Corbin Judson (Indiana University). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927. Pp. xx + 413. Price, $2.50.

The Golden Trumpets. By Blanche Jennings Thompson. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927. Pp. x + 163.

Essentials of Electrical Work. By George A. Willoughby. Peoria, Ill.: The Manual Arts Press, 1927. Pp. 242. Price, $1.60.

With the Circus. By Courtney Ryley Cooper. Boston: Little, Brown &; Co., 1927. Pp. vi + 212. Price, 75 cents.

Old Testament Stories. By Eulalie Osgood Grover. Boston: Little, Brown &; Co., 1927. Pp. x + 309. Price, 85 cents.

History of Socialist Thought. By Harry W. Laidler. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1927. Pp. xxii + 713. Price, $3.50.

The Organisation and Administration of Playgrounds and Recreation. By Jay B. Nash. New York: A. S. Barnes &; Co., 1927. Pp. xii + 547. Price, $4.

Historical Foundations of Modern Education. By Edward H. Reisner. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927. Pp. xvi + 513. Price, $2.60.

Algebra, Book II. By William Raymond Longley and Harry Brooks Marsh. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927. Pp. xii + 457.

Swimming Simplified. By Lyba and Nita Sheffield (Universities of California and Columbia). New York: A. S. Barnes &; Co., 1927. Pp. xiii + 297. Price, $2.

The Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education (Part I). By John Wesley Young. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1927. Pp. xiv + 181. Price, $1.20.

Principles of Secondary Education. By L. A. Williams and G. A. Rice (University of California). Boston: Ginn &; Co., 1927. Pp. xi + 339. Price, $2.

Outlines of Historical Study. By George W. Robinson (Harvard University). Boston: Ginn &; Co., 1927. Pp. vii + 375. Price, $2.40.

Human Thinking. By Arthur Cary Fleshman (Converse College). Spartanburg, S. C: Piedmont Publishing Co., 1927. Pp. 58.

The Philosophy of Education. By Herman H. Horne (New York University), Revised Edition. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1927. Pp. xvi + 329.

A First Course in the New Mathematics. By Edward I. Edgerton and Perry A. Carpenter. Boston: Allyn &; Bacon, 1927. Pp. viii + 348.

Preventive Medicine. By Mark F. Boyd. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1925. Pp. 429.

Football Conditioning. By Holger Christian Langmack. New York: A. S. Barnes &; Co., 1926. Pp. xi + 48. Price, $1.50.

Prehistoric Man—Life in the Old and New Stone Ages, By Mary E. Boyle. Boston: Little, Brown &; Co., 1924.

Creative Education. By Henry Fairfield Osborn (President, American Museum of Natural History). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1927. Pp. xiv + 360. Price, $2.50.

Children's Stories That Never Grow Old. Adapted by Mary Stone. Chicago: The Reilly &; Lee Co. Pp. 248. Price, $1.50.

Skeezix at the Circus. By Frank King. Chicago: The Eeilly &; Lee Co., 1926. Pp. iii + 106. Price, $1.

Children's Poems That Never Grow Old. Compiled by Clement F. Benoit. Chicago: The Reilly &; Lee Co., 1922. Pp. xxii + 298.

Recitations for Younger Children. Compiled and edited by Grace Gaige. New York: D. Appleton &; Co., 1927. Pp. xviii + 215. Price, $2.

Nature Study and Health Education. By Alice Jean Patterson. Normal, Ill.: McKnight &; McKnight. Fourth Year, xii + 131 pp.; Fifth Year, 192 pp.; Sixth Year, 224 pp.     

The strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation

There is an ongoing debate in innovation research as to which type of social capital is more conducive to innovation: structural holes as proposed by Burt or network closure as proposed by Coleman. Although Coleman focused on the quality of relationships, Burt argued that the structural configuration of relationships was more important. I argue that, instead of being alternative substitutes, Burt's social capital theory complements Coleman's theory. More precisely, I demonstrate that, in the presence of strong ties, weak network architectures (structural holes or a peripheral network position) leverage the strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation. This implies that weak network architectures have no value without strong ties, whereas strong ties have some value without weak network architectures but are leveraged by this type of structure. The findings indicate that innovation research tends to overestimate the impact of weak network architectures in the creation of innovation. By pointing to the necessity of strong ties, the results may be of particular interest for research on open innovation. They suggest that open innovation will not work if closed innovation principles are pushed back.