Coordination variability and skill development in expert triple jumpers

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of skill of expert triple jumpers on the coordination variability of lower extremity intra-limb couplings. In contrast to the traditional motor learning perspective, we hypothesized that as skill and thus performance increases, movement coordination variability will also increase. Three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected during the hop-step transition phase of the triple jump. Relative motion plots and a modified vector coding technique were used to quantify the coordination variability across the trials. The results were consistent with a U-shaped curve, representing coordination variability, as skill increases. The high coordination variability in less skilled athletes is present while the appropriate characteristics defining the movement coordination patterns are acquired. This coordination variability may not be beneficial to performance. As the refinement of these characteristics is achieved, coordination variability decreases, resulting in a more consistent or regulated performance. In the final stages of developing a skilled performance, a functional variability is accessed that brings flexibility to the system allowing it to cope with perturbations. This study highlights the need to address the learning effect when analysing coordination variability from a dynamical systems perspective.     

Identification with sport teams as a function of the search for certainty

Based on ideas from subjective uncertainty reduction theory, we examined the extent to which individuals hold similar sport team preferences to their family and friends. We also assessed the extent to which perceived sport importance and personal need for structure are influential in the development of team identification. Australian high school students aged 15.5+/-1.0 years (mean+/-s) completed questionnaires containing the Personal Need for Structure Scale, the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal scale, a Team Identification Scale, and items assessing perceptions of sport importance and team preferences. As expected, correlations indicated that preferences for sport teams were significantly related to the preferences of family and friends. Separate analyses of variance confirmed the remaining hypotheses. More specifically, individuals who perceived that sport was important identified with the team more than individuals who perceived sport to be less important. Also, individuals high in personal need for structure scored higher in cognitive/affective team identification than those low in this need. Individuals with differing needs for structure did not differ in their scores on other dimensions of team identification. The results support the notion that cognitive/emotional attachments to sport teams are influenced by perceptions of the importance of sport and by needs for subjective structure. It is possible that other psychological motives, such as the desire for self-esteem, facilitate the development of evaluative dimensions of team identification.     

Special populations: the female player and the youth player

Females and youth are frequently described as "special" populations in football literature, but together these two populations outnumber male players. What makes females "special" is that they tend to eat less when training and competing than their male counterparts, leading to lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and some nutrients. Youth football players are special in regard to energy and nutrient requirements to promote growth and development, as well as to fuel sport. There is limited research on the dietary habits of these two populations, but the available literature suggests that many female and youth players need to increase carbohydrate intake, increase fluid intake, and develop dietary habits to sustain the demands of training and competition.     

Food attitudes in female athletes: association with menstrual cycle length

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between indicators of risk of disordered eating, body image and varied menstrual cycle lengths. Altogether, 151 female athletes were invited from 16 sports and 70 female non-athletic controls were recruited from a university lecture class. The participants completed several surveys, including demographics, menstrual cycle history, physical activity, Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Selected EDI subscales were summed to reflect eating disorder risk and body image. Menstrual cyclicity was based on self-reported cycle length for the last 6 months (normal cycles = 26-32 days, irregular cycles < or =26 or >32 days). Athletes overall had more irregular cycles (29.1%) than the non-athletes (15.7%) (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in scores for eating disorder risk, body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, cognitive restraint (TFEQ) and disinhibition (TFEQ), only when athletes were divided based on menstrual cyclicity (i.e. irregularly cycling athletes had higher scores than athletes with normal menstrual cycle lengths). No differences in these scores were found between non-athletes with normal or irregular menstrual cycle lengths. In conclusion, irregularly short or long menstrual cycle length is associated with subtle indications of higher risk of disordered eating in female athletes.     

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgement

Acknowledgements     

Tendances actuelles de l'education des parents en France

Conclusion En conclusion, l'éducation des parents tend à se fonder sur des bases scientifiques que lui fournissent la psychologie et la sociologie, dont elle cherche à orienter les travaux vers l'étude de la famille considérée comme un groupe en évolution permanente, animé par un dynamisme propre que l'on découvre dans les inter-relations de ses membres et dans ses relations avec la société.Cependant, elle a conscience que sa fonction essentielle est une action éducative, que ces connaissances ne doivent pas émousser mais éclairer et stimuler. Cette action s'exerce sur la famille, à travers les parents, les jeunes et leurs éducateurs. Elle s'exerce par un enseignement, des publications, mais aussi par des moyens d'aide individuelle et collective, par l'inspiration ou la coordination d'institutions sociales, et même par l'inspiration d'oeuvres artistiques et culturelles. Action orientée vers l'acquisition de la force et de l'autorité personnelles, du sens de la responsabilité, vers le développement d'un esprit de compréhension, de coopération et d'entr'aide entre générations, entre milieux sociaux et entre civilisations. La rapidité de l'évolution des sciences et techniques qui fournit sans cesse de nouveaux moyens d'action et de relations, qui bouleverse sans cesse les conditions d'existence, oriente aujourd'hui l'éducation moins vers l'imitation du passé que vers la préparation et l'invention d'un avenir, et vers l'acquisition d'une faculté d'adaptation incessante. C'est peut-être en effet en apprenant en même temps aux peuples et aux jeunes à rompre avec les préoccupations, habituelles aux individus comme aux sociétés, de conserver et de défendre des positions et des avantages acquis, pour imaginer et réaliser des relations de coopération et de perfectionnement nouvelles, que l'on peut travailler au rapprochement des générations et des civilisations.