Assessment as learning: blurring the boundaries of assessment and learning for theory,policy and practice

This paper explores assessment and learning in a way that blurs their boundaries. The notion of assessment as learning (AaL) is offered as an aspect of formative assessment (assessment for learning). It considers how pupils self-regulate their own learning, and in so doing make complex decisions about how they use feedback and engage with the learning priorities of the classroom. Discussion is framed from a sociocultural stance, yet challenges some of the perspectives that have widely become accepted. It offers three new views to help explore the concept of AaL: understanding feedback; understanding the learning gap; and exploring vocabularies of assessment. Pragmatically, the ideas examined suggest that teachers may need to consider less about focused and directive feedback, but more about how learners interpret and understand feedback from their self-regulatory and self-productive identities and how vocabularies for assessment can be more collaboratively shared in learning contexts.     

The ICAP Framework: Linking Cognitive Engagement to Active Learning Outcomes

This article describes the ICAP framework that defines cognitive engagement activities on the basis of students’ overt behaviors and proposes that engagement behaviors can be categorized and differentiated into one of four modes: Interactive, Constructive, Active, and Passive. The ICAP hypothesis predicts that as students become more engaged with the learning materials, from passive to active to constructive to interactive, their learning will increase. We suggest possible knowledge-change processes that support the ICAP hypothesis and address the limitations and caveats of the hypothesis. In addition, empirical validation for the hypothesis is provided by examining laboratory and classroom studies that focus on three specific engagement activities: note taking, concept mapping and self-explaining. We also consider how ICAP can be used as a tool for explaining discrepant findings, dictate the proper choice of a control condition, and evaluate students’ outputs. Finally, we briefly compare ICAP to existing theories of learning.     

Health Education Needs of High School Students in a Large Diversified Metropolitan Area

Abstract

In addition to the findings of related studies, four sources of information were selected as a basis for determining the health education needs of high school students. Data were obtained from a representative sample of 959 B10 and A12 grade students in eight Los Angeles high schools by use of the LeMaistre Health Behavior Inventory, the Mooney Problem Check List, information derived from appraisals by school physicians' examinations, and personal data questionnaires on health history which students were asked to complete. The LeMaistre Inventory showed greatest weaknesses to be in the health education areas of sleep, rest, and relaxation; prevention and control of chronic and degenerative diseases; safety education; and consumer health. The Mooney Check List showed most student concerns to be in the areas of sleep, rest, and relaxation; mental health; personal health; and nutrition. From the physicians' examinations, orthopedic, dental, visual, and skin defects were observed most frequently; these findings have implications for the instructional areas of personal health and dental health. From student personal health histories, nutrition; consumer health; sleep, rest, and relaxation; and stimulants and depressants were evident as the instructional areas needing greatest emphasis.

Although little or no statistically significant relationship was found among students' scores on the various techniques which were used to identify needs, it was possible to note an interrelationship among the rank order of certain areas. Moreover, statistically significant grade and sex differences (.05) were apparent in certain aspects of students' health behavior.     

“… And Please Visit Our Facebook Page,Too!” How Radio Presenter Personalities Influence Listeners’ Interactions With Radio Stations

Radio personalities or presenters are important to music radio stations, as their individual personalities influence if, how, and to what extent listeners want to interact with radio stations and presenters during programs. Both parasocial interaction with the presenter and flow experiences are believed to mediate the listener–presenter relationship. With this in mind, we conducted an experiment in which 236 German radio listeners aged 14 to 49 were asked to listen to the same radio show, but with varying presenters. Mediation analysis revealed notable effects of presenters’ personalities on listeners’ behavioral intentions. Both parasocial interaction and flow were found to be important mediators of the discovered effects.     

跨文化理解与倾听的智慧 ——后疫情时代比较教育的反思

印度学者拉杰尼·科塔里提出"倾听的智慧",这一概念在后疫情时代的文明对话中具有重要意义,它是对世界文化遗产的不断丰富与扩展,为比较教育工作的开展带来了新思路.倾听的智慧使我们能够深入接触来自不同地区的思想和观点.我们要重新审视亚非文化的重要性,利用文明对话中丰富的文化和精神资源,充实比较教育和比较高等教育的理论,早日实现联合国提出的可持续发展目标.     

Developing and Validating a Novel Anonymous Method for Matching Longitudinal School-Based Data

Prospective longitudinal data collection is an important way for researchers and evaluators to assess change. In school-based settings, for low-risk and/or likely-beneficial interventions or surveys, data quality and ethical standards are both arguably stronger when using a waiver of parental consent—but doing so often requires the use of anonymous data collection methods. The standard solution to this problem has been the use of a self-generated identification code. However, such codes often incorporate personalized elements (e.g., birth month, middle initial) that, even when meeting the technical standard for anonymity, may raise concerns among both youth participants and their parents, potentially altering willingness to participate, response quality, or generating outrage. There may be value, therefore, in developing a self-generated identification code and matching approach that not only is technically anonymous but also appears anonymous to a research-naive individual. This article provides a proof of concept for a novel matching approach for school-based longitudinal data collection that potentially accomplishes this goal.     

Using a Computer Animation to Teach High School Molecular Biology

We present an active way to use a computer animation in secondary molecular genetics class. For this purpose we developed an activity booklet that helps students to work interactively with a computer animation which deals with abstract concepts and processes in molecular biology. The achievements of the experimental group were compared with those of a control group by means of a written questionnaire, which the students received right after the molecular genetics instruction. Analysis of the post-test showed that the mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than the mean score of the control group. This positive trend was also reflected in personal interviews.     

Evaluation of Food Protection and Defense Outreach Education Programs

ABSTRACT: This analysis documents the outcomes and impacts from a series of food protection and defense educational programs conducted over a 3‐y period for private and public sector food system professionals. Several measures were used to determine the professions of participants; their improvements in skills and abilities that resulted from workshops; the audiences' most valued program content; practice changes resulting from educational program participation; abilities to recognize and change food system vulnerabilities; and changes in knowledge levels. Findings indicate that the knowledge level and interest within the target audience progressed over the 3‐y period from basic awareness level through more complex and higher order skills and competencies such as being able to walk through a food production, processing, distribution, or retail facility and identify specific vulnerabilities and make specific risk control recommendations. Pre‐ and posttest scores from the 3rd y of educational activities indicate that baseline awareness levels of core content on food protection and defense is now high among those most likely to attend these types of events, and that participants need to be challenged with additional higher‐level education to promote specific skills. This program series proved successful in building important relationships among food industry and regulatory partners. Analysis of the food security investigation (FSI) series will be useful in the development and delivery of new education and outreach efforts. It is hoped that the analysis and discussion will provide the motivation to further develop a set of competencies that can be used to ground educational efforts that focus on securing and defending our food system.