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41.
In Experiment 1, male rats were exposed to either aggressive (i.e., alpha) or nonaggressive conspecific colonies and tested 24 h later, with or without alpha odors, for freezing behavior and burying of a wall prod that had been the source of a brief electric shock. The results indicated that prior defeat experience and the presence of alpha odors alone during testing had no significant effects, but the combination of prior defeat and alpha-odor testing significantly decreased burying and increased freezing behavior. In Experiment 2, we examined the effects of noncontact exposure to a cat, as a predatory Stressor, during subsequent prod-shock tests involving the presence or absence of cat odors. Exposure to a cat failed to disrupt later prod burying and did not produce freezing. However, the presence of cat odors during testing significantly reduced the amount of defensive burying,without resulting in an increment in freezing. In Experiment 3, rats were given 1, 5, or 30 inescapable preshocks in the presence of either cat odors or a hedonically neutral citronella odor and were tested 24 h later for prod burying and freezing with or without these odors. Both the cat and the citronella odors resulted in a significant reduction in burying and an increase in freezing for rats given 5 and 30 preshocks and tested in the presence of these respective conditioned odors. For the groups that were given 5 preshocks, preshock and later testing in the presence of cat odors resulted in significantly less prod burying and more freezing than for rats that were preshocked and tested in the presence of citronella. The findings of these three ethoexperimental studies are discussed in terms of the learned-helplessness theory, the stress-coping-fear-defense (SCFD) theory, and the concept of selective CS-US associability. 相似文献
42.
Linda Dickey Linda Jaco Margaret Williams Nancy Sager Tany Slay 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1983,30(3):185-189
The Behavior Intervention Centres are part of the Houston Independent School District's (HISD) Special Education Department. Their purpose is to provide educational services to elementary and secondary students, aged 3 through 21, who exhibit either severely aggressive or severely withdrawn behaviours. This article describes a formalized follow‐up service considered by the authors to be a critical component of the BIC program. 相似文献
43.
How evident is democracy within education in Japan, and is current practice different from elsewhere? This paper assesses the perception that Japanese political and educational practices are not fully 'democratic'. The first part examines the Japanese perspective on democracy, and then considers democracy and education in Japan. From a school-based study, the second part discusses examples of class practice concerning decision-making. The paper concludes that democracy is deeply rooted in Japanese history, but not in a form that is readily recognisable to Western observers. Consensus has been more significant than voting. The view that the US administration had a strong influence probably reflects policy rhetoric, not the reality in schools. But this rhetoric may have led to a belief that 'democracy' is not an appropriate term within contemporary Japanese education. However, what happens in Japanese classrooms equates with 'democratic' practice elsewhere. 相似文献
44.
Ryan T. Knowles 《教育心理学》2020,40(2):167-185
AbstractThis quantitative study tests the relationship between ideological classroom composition and perceptions of open classroom climate. Using data from the 2016 International Education Association’s International Civic and Citizenship Study, the study uses latent class analysis and multilevel regression modelling across five countries. First, latent class analysis identified students as low or high socioeconomic status. To assess ideological polarization, the gap between support for gender equality and ethnic rights was calculated between groups. Finally, a multilevel regression model measured the relationship between ideological polarization and students’ perception of open classroom climate. Across three countries, results found negative associations between increased polarization and perception of an open classroom climate. Additional testing identified that polarization modified the relationship between student socioeconomic status and perceptions of open classroom climate in Croatia. 相似文献
45.
This paper explores experiences that remained salient in the memories of former participants in three nature-based programs in Colorado, five to forty years after childhood involvement. Interviews with program founders and staff, archival research, and observations of current activities provided an understanding of each program’s history, mission and educational approach. In this context, 18 former participants were interviewed about program experiences that they remembered and program impacts on their environmental identities and academic or career choices. Results were analyzed through the lens of social practice theory, which has significant implications for the design and evaluation of environmental education programs. Results showed that social practice theory is a useful framework for interpreting the development of a social environmental identity, but an ecological identity that forms through direct contact with the natural world is an important complementary concept. 相似文献
46.
Nancy L. Williams Karen H. Larwin 《Journal of Research on Technology in Education》2016,48(3):143-158
This study explores the impact of one-to-one computing on student achievement in Ohio high schools as measured by performance on the Ohio Graduation Test (OGT). The sample included 24 treatment schools that were individually paired with a similar control school. An interrupted time series methodology was deployed to examine OGT data over a period of 5 to 8 years. Overall student performance and content-specific achievement in math, reading, science, social studies, and writing were not significantly affected by the introduction of 1:1 computing. Treatment schools using a netbook device produced the greatest overall change in scores. 相似文献
47.
Robert J.P. Williams 《Endeavour》1984,8(2):65-70
Zinc is as common as iron in biology. It is usually thought to be a trace element required only for catalysis. Here it is shown that the role of zinc is much more fundamental not only in catalysis but in inhibitory control. There may well be several such control elements—calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, and zinc. 相似文献
48.
Shahron Williams van Rooij 《Education and Information Technologies》2007,12(4):191-209
As institutions of Higher Education try to balance limited resources with the rising costs of technology, some institutions
are turning to Open Source software for campus-wide applications such as course management systems and portals. The assumption
is that Open Source will provide the flexibility to build pedagogically sound learning environments while increasing technology
efficiencies. This paper outlines the current state of Open Source software deployment in US Higher Education based on a survey
of 772 Chief Academic Officers and Chief Information Officers conducted in 2006. The results indicate that Carnegie classification
is a critical differentiator of awareness, adoption, and perceptions of Open Source software applications, with perceived
cost of ownership being the key driver of Open Source adoption. Moreover, the study shows that institutions have made little
progress in the development of polices and procedures for Open Source regulatory compliance and security. The study serves
as a baseline for future research into the conditions for successful use of Open Source for supporting integrated learning
environments that deliver campus-wide efficiencies.
Shahron Williams van Rooij is Assistant Professor of Instructional Technology at George Mason University with a focus on the university’s e-Learning Certificate Program. She holds a Ph.D. in Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences from the City University of New York and has just completed a second doctorate in Instructional Technology and Software Information Systems at George Mason University. As a Certified Distance Education Professional (C.D.E.P.) credentialed by Texas A&M University, she is a frequent speaker on the development of Web-based education and has published in a variety of journals such as the WebNet Journal, the Journal of Interactive Learning Research, the Journal of Modern Business, the Marketing Research Review and the Journal of Research on Technology in Education. Prior to joining GMU, she was the Director of Marketing at Datatel, Inc., in Fairfax, VA, where she facilitated the engineering of new e-learning technology solutions. 相似文献
Shahron Williams van RooijEmail: |
Shahron Williams van Rooij is Assistant Professor of Instructional Technology at George Mason University with a focus on the university’s e-Learning Certificate Program. She holds a Ph.D. in Quantitative Methods in the Social Sciences from the City University of New York and has just completed a second doctorate in Instructional Technology and Software Information Systems at George Mason University. As a Certified Distance Education Professional (C.D.E.P.) credentialed by Texas A&M University, she is a frequent speaker on the development of Web-based education and has published in a variety of journals such as the WebNet Journal, the Journal of Interactive Learning Research, the Journal of Modern Business, the Marketing Research Review and the Journal of Research on Technology in Education. Prior to joining GMU, she was the Director of Marketing at Datatel, Inc., in Fairfax, VA, where she facilitated the engineering of new e-learning technology solutions. 相似文献
49.
Phonological awareness, phonological memory, and phonological access to lexical storage play important roles in acquiring
literacy. We examined the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of these phonological processing abilities (PPA)
in 389 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of each PPA as separate from general
cognitive ability and separate from each other. Multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) with mean structure demonstrated
that older preschoolers have better developed latent PPA than younger preschoolers but that the structure of PPA is equivalent.
RAN was found uniquely associated with letter knowledge and text discrimination in younger preschoolers, and PA was found
uniquely associated with word reading skills in older preschoolers. Finally, general cognitive ability was only indirectly
associated with emergent literacy via PPA. These results highlight the importance of PPA in the early literacy development
of English-speaking preschool children. 相似文献
50.
Mariola C. Gremmen Christian Berger Allison M. Ryan Christian E.G. Steglich René Veenstra Jan K. Dijkstra 《Child development》2019,90(2):e192-e211
This study examined to what extent adolescents’ and their friends’ risk behaviors (i.e., delinquency and alcohol use) hinder or promote their academic achievement (grade point average [GPA]), and vice versa. Longitudinal data were used (N = 1,219 seventh- to ninth-grade adolescents; Mage = 13.69). Results showed that risk behaviors negatively affected adolescents’ GPA, whereas GPA protected against engaging in risk behaviors. Moreover, adolescents tended to select friends who have similar behaviors and friends’ behaviors became more similar over time (same-behavior selection and influence). Furthermore, although same-behavior effects seemed to dominate, evidence was found for some cross-behavior selection effects and a tendency in seventh grade for cross-behavior influence effects. Concluding, it is important to investigate the interplay between different behaviors with longitudinal social network analysis. 相似文献