Validity of the X-factor computation methods and relationship between the X-factor parameters and clubhead velocity in skilled golfers

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the X-factor computation methods and to examine whether direct relationships exist between the X-factor parameters and the clubhead velocity in a group of skilled male golfers (n = 18, handicap = ? 0.6 ± 2.1). Five driver trials were captured from each golfer using an optical motion capture system (250 Hz). Two plane-based methods (conventional vs. functional swing plane-based) and one Cardan rotation-based method (relative orientation) were used to compute select X-factor (end of pelvis rotation, top of backswing, ball impact (BI), and maximum), X-factor stretch (stretch and maximum stretch), and X-factor velocity (BI and maximum) parameters. The maximum clubhead velocity was extracted and normalized to golfer's body height to eliminate the effect of body size. A one-way repeated MANOVA revealed that the computation methods generated significantly different X-factor parameter values (p < 0.001). The conventional method provided substantially larger X-factor values than the other methods in the untwisting phase and the meaningfulness of select X-factor parameters generated by this method was deemed questionable. The correlation analysis revealed that the X-factor parameters were not directly related to the maximum clubhead velocity (both unnormalized and normalized).     

Silence as right,choice, resistance and strategy among Chinese ‘Me Generation’ students: implications for pedagogy

The topic of silence and ‘the Chinese learner’ has been extensively studied often in relation to cross-cultural adjustment, intercultural issues, learning styles, language ability and differences of classroom expectations. These studies have often led to recommendations to understand silence and ‘the Chinese learner’ in more complex ways. However, there is a real need to go beyond just recognising the complexity and myths underlying these two notions. This article consolidates the need to recognise diversity and fluidity among this group of students and the changing time and space in which silence experiences among them are contextualised and studied. It does so by revisiting established meanings of in-class silence obtained from a qualitative case study with ‘Me Generation’ Chinese students studying in Australia, while contextualising the phenomenon in both Chinese and Australian classrooms. Pedagogical implications building upon the discussion of silence as right, choice, resistance and strategy among these students are provided.     

The Effect of Learner-Generated Drawing and Imagination in Comprehending a Science Text

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of imagination and learner-generated drawing on comprehension, reading time, cognitive load, and eye movements, and whether prior knowledge moderated the effects of these two strategies. Sixty-three undergraduate students participated in a pretest-posttest between-subjects study with the independent variable being the instructional strategies with three levels (learner-generated drawing vs. imagination vs. repeated reading). The results revealed that, compared to repeated reading, learner-generated drawing fostered learners' comprehension when their prior knowledge was relatively low. Moreover, when asked to read the science text after the intervention, learners who were previously engaged with imagination spent significantly more time reading the text, and fixated longer and more frequently than those in the repeated reading condition.     

The Impact of Misspelled Words on Automated Computer Scoring: A Case Study of Scientific Explanations

Automated computerized scoring systems (ACSSs) are being increasingly used to analyze text in many educational settings. Nevertheless, the impact of misspelled words (MSW) on scoring accuracy remains to be investigated in many domains, particularly jargon-rich disciplines such as the life sciences. Empirical studies confirm that MSW are a pervasive feature of human-generated text and that despite improvements, spell-check and auto-replace programs continue to be characterized by significant errors. Our study explored four research questions relating to MSW and text-based computer assessments: (1) Do English language learners (ELLs) produce equivalent magnitudes and types of spelling errors as non-ELLs? (2) To what degree do MSW impact concept-specific computer scoring rules? (3) What impact do MSW have on computer scoring accuracy? and (4) Are MSW more likely to impact false-positive or false-negative feedback to students? We found that although ELLs produced twice as many MSW as non-ELLs, MSW were relatively uncommon in our corpora. The MSW in the corpora were found to be important features of the computer scoring models. Although MSW did not significantly or meaningfully impact computer scoring efficacy across nine different computer scoring models, MSW had a greater impact on the scoring algorithms for naïve ideas than key concepts. Linguistic and concept redundancy in student responses explains the weak connection between MSW and scoring accuracy. Lastly, we found that MSW tend to have a greater impact on false-positive feedback. We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of next-generation science assessments.     

论现代汉语拟声词

现代汉语词类研究中，在对待“模拟声音的词”这一问题上分歧意见比较多。本文在归纳、比较语法学界各家观点的基础上，用“拟声词”作为“模拟声音的词”的统称，进一步探讨了该类词的句法功能、实虚类归属、多角度分类等问题。     

Attribute Priming Effects and Presidential Candidate Evaluation: The Conditionality of Political Sophistication

Traditionally, two competing claims have arisen that attempt to explain the role of political sophistication in media effectiveness. I reassess the positive versus negative impacts of political sophistication on media priming effects by considering a curvilinear approach. I combine public opinion data (National Election Studies) on candidate selection criteria in 1992 and 2000 presidential elections with content analyses of campaign news coverage to see which segment of voters at different sophistication levels is most susceptible to media agendas. Quadratic regression analyses reveal that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between voters' susceptibility to campaign news and their level of political sophistication. Such a curvilinear relationship means that the moderately sophisticated are more likely to accept news agendas than the least or most sophisticated. The findings illuminate the long-standing debate about the inconsistent linear relationships between the two variables, providing a more cogent explanation underlying media priming effects.     

编码、解码与《士兵突击》的接受效果

2007年我国参军人数大幅度上涨,据调查显示与《士兵突击》的热播相关。在当下,当文化已成为消费品的时代,电视所扮演更多的是各类文化的载体这样一种角色,在文化传递的过程中,受众的理解与文化生产者的表达经常出现很大的偏差,编码与解码缺乏对等性。大众的消费需求决定了某种文化的生产,《士兵突击》的编码者正是对当下的文化语境做出了精确把握,才打造出了这样一道“人性”文化盛宴。     

青海省知识产权保护现状调研与对策研究

保护知识产权是我国改革开放政策的重要组成部分和保障社会主义市场经济正常运行的重要制度本文在调研我省知识产权保护现状的基础上,提出了青海省知识产权行政保护、司法保护、自我保护及社会保护“四结合”的保护体系与“职能保护有法规,行业保护有条例,企业保护有制度”的保护网络等相应的保护对策。     

Career motivation of secondary students in STEM: a cross-cultural study between Korea and Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to understand the career motivation of secondary students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) by comparing Korean and Indonesian students. Effects of gender and educational level on students’ STEM career motivation were also examined. To test for differences, we used Rasch analysis, 3-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple group path analysis. STEM career motivation was found to be significantly affected by interactions between country, gender, and educational level. Overall, Indonesian students had more STEM career motivation than Korean students. Korean students showed larger gender differences in STEM career motivation than Indonesian students.