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31.
The application of advanced engineering to tennis racket design has influenced the nature of the sport. As a result, the International Tennis Federation has established rules to limit performance, with the aim of protecting the nature of the game. This paper illustrates how changes to the racket affect the player-racket system. The review integrates engineering and biomechanical issues related to tennis racket performance, covering the biomechanical characteristics of tennis strokes, tennis racket performance, the effect of racket parameters on ball rebound and biomechanical interactions. Racket properties influence the rebound of the ball. Ball rebound speed increases with frame stiffness and as string tension decreases. Reducing inter-string contacting forces increases rebound topspin. Historical trends and predictive modelling indicate swingweights of around 0.030–0.035 kg/m2 are best for high ball speed and accuracy. To fully understand the effect of their design changes, engineers should use impact conditions in their experiments, or models, which reflect those of actual tennis strokes. Sports engineers, therefore, benefit from working closely with biomechanists to ensure realistic impact conditions. 相似文献
32.
A non-rotational (NR) shot is now a well-known scoring move in soccer. To execute the NR shot, it is necessary to deprive the ball of any rotational forces during the impact phase. To execute the NR shot, it is natural that the force vector acting from the foot would pass through the ball’s center of gravity; however, the coordinated motion of the lower limb joint’s angular displacement and the pelvis is still unclear. The aim of this study is to estimate the coordinated leg and pelvis motion during the NR shot as compared to that during instep kicking. Four right-leg dominant college league players were asked to perform a NR shot and an instep kick a total of 10 times each. Hip, knee, and ankle joint angular displacements in the sagittal plane and pelvis yaw and roll rotational motions during both types of kicks were calculated with 14 IR reflective markers using a 3D real-time motion analysis system with a 250-Hz sampling. The Euclidean distances of the joint space of the NR shot and the instep kick were also calculated to detect similarities in the coordinated motion of the lower limb. The results showed that the lower limb joint motions in the sagittal plane were not different; however, the pelvis roll and yaw motions were apparently different, and these phenomena could simulate a pendulum motion with changes in both the vertical and horizontal displacements. These results suggest that the coordinated motion of the lower limb joint’s angular displacement shows high similarity between the NR shot and the instep kick, and the pelvis roll and yaw synchronized orientation is essential for achieving the NR shot. 相似文献
33.
With advanced prediction modes of intra prediction, intra coding of H.264/AVC offers significant coding gains compared with previous video coding standards. It uses an important tool called Lagrangian rate-distortion optimization (RDO) technique to decide the best coding mode for a block, but the computational burden is extremely high. In this paper, we proposed an improved fast intra prediction algorithm including block type selection and mode decision algorithm based on analysis of edge feature of a block. Our algorithm filters out unlikely block type and candidate modes to reduce the RDO calculations. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm can reduce the computation complexity of intra prediction from 52.90% to 56.31%, with 0.04 dB PSNR degradation and 2% increase of bit rate. 相似文献
34.
A clinical task-based interview can be seen as a situation where the interviewer–interviewee interaction on a task is regulated
by a system of explicit and implicit norms, values, and rules. This paper describes how documenting and mapping triadic interaction
among the interviewer, the interviewee, and the knowledge negotiated can be used to increase procedural replicability of the
interview and accuracy of drawn conclusions about the interviewee’s thinking process. Excerpts from interviews with 25 inservice
mathematics teachers working on a task to make up a problem whose solution requires division of two fractions are discussed.
The excerpts illustrate the relationship between methodological decisions taken by the interviewer during the interview and
the applicability of the interview output to the research questions. A divergent analysis of the interviews with these teachers,
which spanned over two years and were conducted by four interviewers, is used to offer a framework for analyzing data collected
in clinical task-based interviews. 相似文献
35.
36.
1IntroductionBackground subtraction methods are extensively ex-ploited for moving object detection in videos in manyapplications ,such as traffic monitoring[1],human mo-tion capture[2]and video surveillance[3]. The centralidea behind such methods is to segment foreground ini mage sequences taken from a fixed camera by com-paring each newframe to a model of the scene back-ground . Therefore , correctly and efficiently modelingand updating the background model is one of the mostchallenging aspec… 相似文献
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38.
Takashi Sagawa 《浙江大学学报(A卷英文版)》2018,19(1):80-85
Composite materials of Fe/Al2O3, which consist of small particles of iron supported by thermally stable alumina even at 500–700 °C, have been widely used in the water-gas shift reaction for natural gas reforming. Therefore, Fe/Al2O3 is one of the promising candidates for re-transformation of exhausted CO2 into fuels such as alcohols and hydrocarbons. The development of a CO2 reforming system using the composite materials of Fe/Al2O3 through CO2 reduction to CO, dissociation of water into hydrogen, and methanol synthesis has been investigated. It was found that dry and steam (i.e. wet) reforming of CO2 produced almost the same amount of CO. At a temperature above 500 °C, maximal and saturated yields of CO and H2 from CO2 and water were obtained. However, this CO2 reforming system requires higher-pressure conditions from several tens to hundreds standard atmospheric pressure in order to achieve high yield and selectivity for methanol production. In this study we developed the modified CO2 reforming system by the utilization of Ni and/or Cu instead of Fe in order to obtain other types of useful products such as CO, CH4, and carbon, more efficiently and selectively under atmospheric pressure. When Ni or Cu was used, conversion of CO2 was reduced to 76%, while 9% of methane was detected in the case of Ni. On the other hand, though the CO2 conversion reduced half of the Fe, the selectivity of CO from CO2 increased to 95% in the case of Cu. 相似文献
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40.
Numerical investigation of cavitating flow behind the cone of a poppet valve in water hydraulic system 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cavitating flow through water hydraulic poppet valves were performed using
advanced RNGk-epsilon turbulence model. The flow was turbulent, incompressible and unsteady, for Reynolds numbers greater than 43000. The
working fluid was water, and the structure of the valve was simplified as a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical model.
Flow field visualization was numerically achieved. The effects of inlet velocity, outlet pressure, opening size as well as
poppet angle on cavitation intensity in the poppet valve were numerically investigated. Experimental flow visualization was
conducted to capture cavitation images near the orifice in the poppet valve with 30° poppet angle using high speed video camera.
The binary cavitating flow field distribution obtained from digital processing of the original cavitation image showed a good
agreement with the numerical result.
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 59835160) and Scientific Research Foundation for
Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry of China (No. 50175097) 相似文献