加拿大高校图书馆学科服务调查及启示

[目的/意义]考察加拿大高校图书馆学科服务发展现状,发掘其对国内学科服务的参考价值。[方法/过程]筛选出10所加拿大高校图书馆,运用网络调查法和E-mail核查法对其学科服务现状进行调查研究。[结果/结论]调查结果表明:加拿大高校图书馆注重学科服务细节;学科服务深入到每一个读者的学习、研究过程;提供贴心的保姆式服务;形成多方位、立体化信息素养培训教育体系。     

电动汽车新进入者领先在位者机制研究

现有创新理论关于新进入者超越在位者的研究基于前者率先采用新技术的情境,且研究视角单一及定量研究不足,难以系统完整解释电动汽车在位者率先研发而新进入者领先的创新现象。本文基于专家访谈和文献调研,利用结构方程模型,构建并验证了分析新进入者领先的原因及机制,据此解释了电动汽车新进入者领先在位者的现象。研究发现,新进入者领先的主要原因来自创新动力、技术模式和商业模式三方面。商业模式是新进入者目前取得领先地位的主要原因,技术模式对新进入者能否保持领先有重要作用,创新动力则是推动企业优化技术模式和商业模式的关键。本研究丰富了新进入者与在位者的创新理论,对新进入者和在位者如何有效配置创新资源都具有重要启示意义。     

Lecturing graphing: What features of lectures contribute to student difficulties in learning to interpret graph?

Some studies suggest that individuals having completed undergraduate science programs are often poorly prepared to use graphs in ways typical of their disciplines. Science and technology studies have identified competency in graphing as being of central importance to the practice of a scientific discipline. Given the centrality of graphing to the practice of science, an important aspect of becoming enculturated into the practices of a scientific discipline is being able to use and interpret graphs in ways that are typical to that discipline. For example, competency in this usage is important to reading, interpreting and understanding journal articles in a discipline. Undergraduate science students spend a considerable amount of time in lectures where graphical representations play a major role in the presentation of subject matter. To gain an understanding of the use of graphs in lectures and how this use contributes to student understanding, this paper provides a microanalysis of graph use in lectures drawn from artifacts compiled from videotaping all lectures and seminars in a thirteen week ecology course. This analysis focused on both the text and the geestural references made in the reading of a graph in an ecology lecture. We conclude that the common ground existing amongst scientists that help them reach an agreed upon interpretation of a graph is missing from the present lectures and then discuss the constraints this places on students, learning about graphs in lectures.     

Confidence in performance on science tests and student preparation strategies

This exploratory study was designed to investigate the accuracy of high school students' confidence in their answers on classroom tests, how that accuracy varied between different types of questions, and whether having to judge their confidence in test items resulted in an improvement in accuracy over the school year. The study was conducted in a rural high school in a South Eastern state of the US involving 54 students enrolled in three sections of a human anatomy class. For an entire school year the teacher asked students to indicate their confidence in a response's correctness when they answered questions on tests and examinations. Further data included interviews with 25 students and a career goals questionnaire. Having students gauge the correctness of their responses to test questions on class tests over the school year did not result in quantifiable improvements in their accuracy. However, students indicated that reflective use of the language of human anatomy and physiology through reading out loud to themselves, practising writing words and phrases, and verbal questioning and discussion with others helped them to achieve higher academic outcomes. Modelling or discussing effective study strategies with family members were also identified as important factors on the ways students prepared for tests.     

Youth’s Sibling Relationships Across the Course of a Parent’s Military Deployment: Trajectories and Implications

The present exploratory study explored the trajectories and implications of at-home (military unaffiliated) parents’ perceptions of youth’s sibling relationships across the course of a parent’s military deployment. Participants included 109 families with at least two siblings (older sibling and younger siblings age: M = 10.85, SD = 3.92 and M = 7.89, SD = 3.58, respectively) and one parent serving in the National Guard. Data were collected via in-home interviews, at six time points across the deployment cycle. A series of multilevel models revealed increases in sibling disharmony during the months a deployed parent was away, but showed signs of recovery in the year after they returned. Increases in sibling disharmony were positively associated with increases in youth’s externalizing behaviors above and beyond the effects of parenting.     

Statistical Learning of Orthographic Regularities in Chinese Children With and Without Dyslexia

This study examined distributional statistical learning of positional, phonetic, and semantic regularities of an artificial orthography in Chinese children aged 8–10 years: 29 with dyslexia, 29 age-matched controls, and 30 reading-level matched controls. Despite having positional regularity learning performance comparable to the controls, the children with dyslexia were poorer at learning left-right structured characters than top-bottom structured characters in high- and low-consistency conditions. Moreover, they showed difficulties in mapping a given sound or meaning to a specific character compared with the typically developing controls. These findings suggest that children with dyslexia have deficits in some, though not all, aspects of statistical learning of character orthography, which may reflect their difficulties in coping with distractors and inconsistency of orthographic input.     

运动测试的最新推荐及应用

旨在为运动测试的推荐和实践提供最新、最权威的参考,对近年来有关运动测试新研究和权威推荐进行综述。发现运动测试具有广泛、重要的应用价值,但权威指南不再推荐运动测试作为运动前健康筛查流程的一部分,而应由有资质的专业人士根据不同人群的临床情况,依据权威指南对不同人群运动测试的最新推荐,权衡利弊进行个体化的运动测试推荐。同时,应认真进行运动测试前的风险筛查、影响因素评估,并严格按照流程进行测试以保障运动测试的安全性。     

The relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A dose–response meta-analysis

BackgroundA goal of 10,000 steps per day is widely advocated, but there is little evidence to support that goal. Our purpose was to examine the dose–response relationships between step count and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease risk.MethodsCochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, OVID, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies published before July 9, 2021, that evaluated the association between daily steps and at least 1 outcome.ResultsSixteen publications (12 related to all-cause mortality, 5 related to cardiovascular disease; and 1 article contained 2 outcomes: both all-cause death and cardiovascular events) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. There was evidence of a nonlinear dose–response relationship between step count and risk of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular disease (p = 0.002 and p = 0.014 for nonlinearity, respectively). When we restricted the analyses to accelerometer-based studies, the third quartile had a 40.36% lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 35.05% lower risk of cardiovascular event than the first quartile (all-cause mortality: Q1 = 4183 steps/day, Q3 = 8959 steps/day; cardiovascular event: Q1 = 3500 steps/day, Q3 = 9500 steps/day; respectively).ConclusionOur meta-analysis suggests inverse associations between higher step count and risk of premature death and cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older adults, with nonlinear dose–response patterns.     

档案开放负面清单制度构建：逻辑与框架

文章对负面清单制度的历史沿革与发展现状进行了梳理;针对延期开放的范围和期限不够明晰的问题,论证了将负面清单管理思想应用于档案开放的理论与现实逻辑;在此基础上,依托政务公开负面清单制度的基本架构,从内容、过程、保障三个层面分别提出了由三个维度、四个步骤、三项机制共同构成的档案开放负面清单制度框架,推动档案开放工作在法治化、规范化轨道上良性运行。