Does attendance to a four-year academic college versus vocational college affect future wages?

Taiwan is one of the few countries in which bachelor degrees can be earned by attending either 4-year academic colleges or vocational colleges. This paper offers new evidence on whether returns to B.A. degrees are significantly different between academic and vocational 4-year colleges using the 1998–1999 Taiwanese College Graduate Survey. The multinomial logit model is applied to correct self-selection for employment status, and a wage equation is then estimated. The results suggest that the returns to 4-year academic colleges are 6% higher than those to 4-year vocational colleges. We also find a significant effect of college quality on wages. Moreover, public academic college graduates have the highest returns whereas those who attend private vocational colleges have the lowest returns.     

A synthesis on the research of the comorbidity of ADHD and LD in Korea: perspective and trend

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD) are the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorders, and they frequently co-occur with each other. It has been found that students with comorbidity of ADHD and LD experience more difficulties in school. Even though the research interests in the comorbidity of ADHD and LD are increasing, there are inconsistent results in research studies and insufficient understanding of the comorbidity of ADHD and LD. This study attempts to grasp the progress of the studies in the comorbidity of ADHD and LD in Korea and to suggest the future directions for following research. A total of 90 studies published between 1987 and 2009 are examined. First, we analyze the studies that examined the learning problems of ADHD and then identify the characteristics of the learning problems in ADHD group. Afterwards, we investigate the studies that dealt with the attention problems of LD and then discuss the characteristics of the attention problems in LD group. Third, we identify the differences between ADHD and LD and synthesize the research findings. Finally, we analyze the studies conducted in conjunction with the comorbidity of ADHD and LD. On lightening the research of the comorbidity on three aspects, we find the research trend in Korea and provide the implications for future studies on the comorbidity of ADHD and LD. Furthermore, we suggest that it is important to identify comorbid conditions at the early stage, and it is necessary to conduct multidisciplinary research and international comparison research.     

幼儿教师开展早期阅读活动前的准备

为保证早期阅读教育教学活动的效果与质量,教师应在活动开展前抓住三个重要环节:选择或改编适合幼儿阅读与欣赏的读本;认真准确深入地解读绘本;做好幼儿阅读活动前的经验准备。为此,教师必须认真考虑幼儿的年龄特征与审美需要,必须准确把握图画书的形式与内容要素,必须善于铺垫和引导幼儿想像,促进幼儿在早期阅读教育中的全面健康和谐发展。     

法国幼小衔接教育制度的内涵与启示

法国独特的幼小衔接教育制度是其初等教育走在世界前列的重要原因.在完备的法律规范下,其教育行政组织衔接、教学组织与课程规划衔接、师资聘用与培训衔接,有效地促进了学前教育与小学教育的一体化,使得法国的学前教育与小学教育既体现出合理的层次性,又具有良好的过渡性和连贯性.我国各级政府应加强对发展高质量学前教育的重要战略意义的认识,重视通过建立完备的法律制度保障幼小衔接工作的顺利开展,创新幼小衔接机制与途径,形成和完善能够真正尊重儿童个性发展特征与需要的幼小衔接教育制度.     

从不同类型幼儿园经费收支状况看城市学前教育的发展

不同类型幼儿园的经费收支状况表明不同类型幼儿园的办园成本不同,其中自收自支型公办园与差额拨款型公办园都因政府财政投入不足而运转困难,资金十分紧张;小区配套民办幼儿园的成本开支最大,在良性运转模式下需较高收费方能维持。生存的压力迫使前两种类型的公办园不得不在实际运作中扩大班额,举办举趣班,压缩教师工资、福利及公用开支等;而对利润的追求与对尽快回收成本的迫切希望也促使民办园在实际运作中扩大招生,尽力压缩教师待遇与公用开支。可以说在政府投入与扶持十分匮乏的情况下,无论公办园还是民办园都面临着生存的困难与无奈。为改变这种现状,政府应积极承担起发展学前教育的职责,一方面全额投入、全力办好城市公办园,使之能切实发挥示范与引领的作用,另一方面积极扶持和引导民办园良性运作和发展,将民办园纳入统一的管理体系,在对幼儿园评级分类、财政性经费投入与分配等方面使之享受与公办园同等的待遇。虽然目前城市一般已基本普及学前三年教育,但是以家长的较高经济负担为代价的,未能充分体现学前教育的普惠性质与公益性,因此未来城市学前教育的发展仍应致力于优先保证适龄幼儿学前教育的基本普及,这需要政府有相应的政策和经费保证,同时合理利用社会力量,根据居民...     

FARMER: A novel approach to file access correlation mining and evaluation reference model

File semantic has proven effective in optimizing large scale distributed file system. As a consequence of the elaborate and rich I/O interfaces between upper layer applications and file systems, file system can provide useful and insightful information about semantic. Hence, file semantic mining has become an increasingly important practice in both engineering and research community. Unfortunately, it is a challenge to exploit file semantic knowledge because a variety of factors could affect this information exploration process. Even worse, the challenges are exacerbated due to the intricate interdependency between these factors, and make it difficult to fully exploit the potentially important correlation among various semantic knowledges. This article proposes a file access correlation miming and evaluation reference (FARMER) model, where file is treated as a multivariate vector space, and each item within the vector corresponds a separate factor of the given file. The selection of factor depends on the application, examples of factors are file path, creator and executing program. If one particular factor occurs in both files, its value is non-zero. It is clear that the extent of inter-file relationships can be measured based on the likeness of their factor values in the semantic vectors. Benefit from this model, FARMER represents files as structured vectors of identifiers, and basic vector operations can be leveraged to quantify file correlation between two file vectors. FARMER model leverages linear regression model to estimate the strength of the relationship between file correlation and a set of influencing factors so that the “bad knowledge” can be filtered out. To demonstrate the ability of new FARMER model, FARMER is incorporated into a real large-scale object-based storage system as a case study to dynamically infer file correlations. In addition FARMER-enabled optimize service for metadata prefetching algorithm and object data layout algorithm is implemented. Experimental results show that is FARMER-enabled prefetching algorithm is shown to reduce the metadata operations latency by approximately 30%–40% when compared to a state-of-the-art metadata prefetching algorithm and a commonly used replacement policy.     

Searching high gray scale FPD scanning matrix based on PSO

With the increase of gray scale and flat panel display (FPD) size, subspace bitwise scanning strategy can be replaced traditional scanning method to cut down frame frequency. However, the direct searching strategy (DSS) becomes unfeasible to obtain corresponding high gray scale scanning matrix. Thus, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is introduced to accelerate searching for high gray scale weights scanning matrix (WSM) with its parallelism and global optimization feature. Finally a WSM of 256 gray scales is found out successfully with Matlab, which both gray linearity and scanning efficiency are satisfied.     

广州市小学六年级学生教育补习情况研究——基于学生家长的视角

本文通过对广州市初中一年级学生家长的问卷调查,了解学生在六年级时参加教育补习的情况.结果发现,班级排名中等以上的学生参加补习的比例更大;家长让班级排名靠前的学生参加补习是为了增加他们的竞争优势,因而这些学生更倾向于选择竞赛类科目补习;班级排名、家长动机和补习费用是影响家长对教育补习效果主观评价的重要因素;对于班级排名靠前的学生而言,教育补习并不会对他们的排名产生明显的影响.     

课堂观察:限度及其问题

课堂观察方法近年来在课堂研究中广为运用,并取得一些成效,但同时也显现出一些问题.本文从课堂观察方法的限度分析入手,对课堂观察方法在运用中出现浅层次问题、专业性不足问题等进行了反思,以求专门研究者和教师能够对其进行准确的理解和运用.