Detecting probable cheating during online assessments based on time delay and head pose

This study investigated the ability of test takers’ behaviors during online assessments to detect probable cheating incidents. Specifically, this study focused on the role of time delay and head pose for detection of cheating incidences in a lab-based online testing session. The analysis of a test taker’s behavior indicated that not only time delay but also the variation of a student’s head pose relative to computer screen had significant statistical relation to cheating behaviors. Additionally, time delay and head-pose variation relative to a computer screen were predictors in a logit model of cheating prediction with an average accuracy of 75.6%. The current algorithm could automatically flag suspicious student behavior for proctors in large-scale online courses during remotely administered exams.     

The Teacher as Researcher: Developing the Skills with Pre-Service Art Specialist Students

This paper details a project which involved a group of art specialist Diploma in Education students, two lecturing staff plus a group of primary school children in a series of planned art activities for two terms. The Saturday Morning Art programme (S.M.ART) was developed to enable the students to systematically focus on art learning in these classes by using largely qualitative research processes within a case study framework. By introducing these pre-service trainee art teachers to research techniques which they can then use, we believe we are preparing them to be self-evaluative and reflective practitioners in the classroom.     

Investigation of multiple human factors in personalized learning

In the past decade, a number of personalized learning systems have been developed and they mainly focus on learners' prior knowledge. On the other hand, previous research suggested that gender differences and cognitive styles have great effects on student learning. To this end, this study examines how human factors, especially gender differences and cognitive styles, affect learners' reactions to a personalized and non-personalized learning systems based on learners' prior knowledge. Forty-four university students participated in this study. The results show that females and Serialists show positive reactions to the personalized learning system, while males and Holists demonstrate similar reactions to the personalized learning system and the non-personalized learning system. The implications of these results for the design of personalized learning systems are discussed.     

菊科福王草属的分类界限及中国菊科植物一新属——紫菊属

After having examined all specimens of the genus Prenanthes L. of Compositae in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, I find that the classic concept on the genus Prenanthes established by G. Bentham in 1873 has not been held exactly by some of Euro- pean, American, Japanese and Chinese botanists. For example, W. B. Hemsley, S. T. Dunn, A. Franchet, S. Kitamura and C. C. Chang placed plants from China which belong to other groups into the genus; I also find that the classic concept of the genus is not clear.  The present paper makes a revision not only on the classic concept of the genus, but also on its concept assumed by the above-mentionded botanists.      With the combination of numerous (25-35), white or yellow ligular florets, numerous ribs of achenes, Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Shih, comb. nov.) is distinctly different from Prenanthes purpurea L., which has the combination of purple, few (5-15) ligular flo- rests and few ribs of achenes.  Nabalus Cass., as a genus established early (1825) by H. Cassini, should be restored.  It is not reasonable to treat Nabalus as a subgenus (E. B. Babcock et al. 1947) or a section (S. Kitamura, 1956) or as a synonym (G. Bentham, 1983) of the genus Preanathes L.       The present author recognizes seven species in the new revised genus  Prenanthes L.  in China, 4 of which are described as new.  In the genus Nabalus Cass.  only one species, N. ochroleuca Maxim., is distributed in Northeast China.       As Lactuca melanantha Franch. (1895), Prenanthes henryi Dunn (1903), P. glandulosa Dunn (1903), Lactuca triflora Hemsl. (1888) (it was transferred to Prenanthes L. by C. C. Chang in 1934), Prenanthes formosana Kitam. (1934) and P. wilsoni Chang (1934) all have campanulate involucres, purple phyllaries, purple dorsi-ventrally compressed achenes, longitu- dinal rids 6-9 on each side of achene truncate and beakless at its apex and pilose tubes of co- rollae, they should be placed neither into the genus Prenanthes with obtusely tri-or pentagonous, subterete achenes and glabrous tubes of corollae, nor into the genus Lactuca with beak achenes. Besides the above-mentioned species misnamed by some of foreign and Chinese botanists, 6 other species also have the same structure in achenes and corollae.  Evidently, they fall into a new genus with the name Notoseris Shih.       The new genus Notoseris Shih of the tribe Lactuceae of Compositae seems to be more re- miniscent of Lactuca L. than of Prenanthes L. emend.       All the 12 species of the genus Notoseris Shih are endemic to China and distributed in the area of south of Yantze River. Of them 6 are new combinations and 6 are described as new.     

菊科莴苣属订正及亚洲大陆菊科植物二新属(续）

Having mixed extremely various  patterns of achenes  for a  long time in the genus Lactuca L., especially showed in the classification of it on the mainland of Asia, Lactuca  L.,  the  primary  unnatural genus,  becomes more nuclear in its limit.   The present paper makes a revision to attempt providing a clear cline between Lactuca L. and its relative genera.      On my opinion, only plants, represented by Lactuca sativa L., which have ovoid capitu- lum during its fruiting, numerous (7-25), yellow ligular florets and longitudinal 1-10 ribs or striae on each side of achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex, should be defined as Lactuca L.      In view of the present concept of Lactuca L.,   another group of plants, embodied by Lactuca indica L., having its broadening, thin winged-margin of, 1-3 striae on each side of achenes,  black, dorsi-ventral compressed, acute into thick and short beak at its apex, evident- ly, should not be placed into Lactuca L., but be regarded as genus, i.e. Pterocypsela Shih, gen. nov. Pterocypsela Shih distributes in Eastern and southern Asia, where Lactuca L. does   not occur.  In China there is all of species, seven species, of Pterocypsela Shih.  They are P.   raddeana (Maxim.) Shih, P. indica (L.) Shih, P. elata (Hemsl.) Shih P. lacciniata (Houtt.)   Shih, P. triangulata (Maxim.) Shih, P. sonchus (Lévl.)  Shih and P. formosana  (Maxim.)   Shih, But in Mediterranean regions and Middle and Western Asia mainly distributes Lactu-   ca L., in which there are only seven species from western China, Xijiang autonomic district.   They are L. dolichophylla Kitam., L. sativa L., L. altaica Fisch. et Mey., L. serriola Torner,   L. dissecta Don, L. auriculata DC. and L. undulata Ledb.          With the combination of violet-purple ligular florets  non-ovoid  capitulum  during  its   fruiting, a little thick achenes, acuminate into longer. or short beak at its apex and 4-6 ribs   on each side of it, Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. is evidently different from Lactuca sativa L.   with combination of ovoid capitulum during its fruiting, yellow ligular florets and compres-  sed achenes, acute into filiform beak at its apex.  There seems to be no point in refusing Mu-  lgedium Cass. as a genus.  Strictly speak, Mulgedium Cass. seems to be reminiscent of Para-  prenanthes Chang (see bellow) without beak at the apex of its achenes.  In Hengduan moun-  tains and mountain range of Himalayas M. tataricum  (L.)  DC. discoveries its relative par-  tners. They are M. bracteatum (Mook. f. ex. C. B. Clarke) Shih, M. lessertianum (Wall. ex  C. B. Clarke) DC., M. monocephalum (Chang) Shih, M. umbrosum (Dunn) Shih, M. meridi-  onale Shih and M. polypodifolium (Franch.) Shih.         Having broadering and thickening margin and 4-7 striae on each side of achenes, grey,  dorsi-ventral compressed, truncate and beakless at its apex, Lactuca sibirica (L.) Benth. ex  Maxim.  (Sonchus sibiricus L.) is not only different from Lactuca sativa L. with the combi-  nation of yellow ligular florets and filiform beak at apex of its achenes, but also from the  genus Mulgedium Cass. with beak at apex of its achenes.  Therefore, Lagedium Sojak, establi-  shed by J. Sojak (1961), should be restored.  It should be point out that Lagedium Sojak is  monotypic genus excluding Mulgedium tataricum (L.) DC. with beak at the apex of its ache-  nes, non-marginated.   Lagedium Sojak widely distributes  in temperate  and  frigid  zone  of  northern hemisphere.  In our country, Lagedium sibiricum (L.) Sojak, sole species of the ge- nus, restricts its northeast region.        Paraprenanthes Chang, the new genus, established by Ch. Ch. Chang (1950) based on La- ctuca sororia Miq. and Lactuca yunnanensis Franch.  seems to be a distinct genus.  This ge- nus is characterized by 4-6 ribs on each side of achenes, black, fusiform, a little thick and beakless at its apex.  Besides above-mentioned two species, assigned by Chang, in forest of tro- pic and subtropic zones on the mainland of Asia there are many species with same structure in achenes like L. sororia Miq. and L. yunnanensis Franch.  The genus Paraprenanthes Chang seems to be reminiscants of Mulgedium Cass. and Lagedium Sojak, but differs from the former in its beakless achenes, from the later in its non-marginated  achenes  and 4-6 ribs on  each side of it.  In our country, there are all species of the genus known in the tropic and sub- tropic zones on the mainland of Asia.  They are P. sororia (Miq.) Shih, P. yunnanensis (Fra- nch.) Shih, P. longiloba Ling et Shih, sp. nov., P. heptontha Shih et D. J. Liou, sp. nov., P. prenanthoides (Hemsl.) Shih, P. pilipes (Migo) Shih, P. thirionii (Lévl.) Shih, P. sylvicola Shih., sp. nov., P. multiformis Shih, sp. nov., P. auriculiformis Shih, sp. nov. and P. sagitti- formis Shih, sp. nov.     

岩参属的分类学界限及中国-喜马拉雅菊科二新属

本文是对中国-喜马拉雅地区的原莴苣属植物提出的分类订正。是笔者前一篇文章《莴苣属订正 及亚洲大陆菊科植物二新属》的续篇。文中建立了两个新属，即毛鳞菊属Chaetoseris Shih和细莴苣属Stenoseris Shih；文末及文中提供了本文所涉及的一些属种的分属和分种检索表。     

菊科莴苣属订正及亚洲大陆菊科植物二新属

本文是对菊科莴苣属Lactuca L. 的分类订正, 文中起用了乳苣属Mulgedium Cass.和山   莴苣属Lagedium Sojak两个较老的属名, 建立了二个新属，即翅果菊属Ptrocypsela Shih与假   福王草属Paraprenathes Chang. 文末提供了莴苣属及邻近属以及东亚地区的有关种类的分属分种检索表。     

菊科亚菊属川甘亚菊类群订正

本文对作者本人在1983年《中国植物志》第76卷第一分册12l页上针对川甘亚菊处理过宽的问题，重新作出了订正。本文确认川甘亚菊、灰叶亚菊、深裂亚菊及下白亚菊分别为不同的种，并作出了这四个种的分种检索表。     

Developing Design through a Creative Problem‐Solving Process: A Group Community Art Project

For the past few years, creativity has gradually become an important element in the national cultivation of talent in Taiwan. Although traditionally art education is closely linked with creativity, the academic research on general art education is very insufficient. Therefore, the goal of this research is to investigate how creativity could be cultivated in curriculum planning for general art education at technology universities as well as what students’ learning process was when they participated in a course's creative activity. The research applied the theory and steps of creative problem‐solving (CPS) on a general art course to design a group practical activity combining with the local community. This involved converting the steps of creative problem‐solving into different stages of group design activities with the goal of constructing a design process equivalent to the process of problem‐solving. The main research results revealed that students could experience the problem‐solving process through group design activities and develop their divergent and convergent thinking at the same time. Moreover, the cooperative learning model is the most appropriate teaching strategy for students from non‐art‐related departments when cultivating their creativity.