There is an ongoing debate both in the United States and Europe about the need to develop a broader view of scholarship and the different activities connected with it, including ‘service to the community’. This empirical study reveals that researchers who are engaged in collaboration with small and medium enterprises (SMEs) encounter many hindrances within the academic structure and obstacles due cultural differences that needs to be overcome. But it is also evident that they are creative and learn different strategies in accomplishing their goals and they also bring back useful experiences and knowledge from their cooperation into their research and teaching within the academic organization. We suggest that attention should be paid to the broader and more elaborate view of collaborative knowledge production that we present in the article if university structures are to provide better support for their academic staff to interact profitably with the community, and thereby create a ‘win-win situation’ for everyone involved.
This study investigates the extent to which junior secondary school headmasters in Botswana differ in their beliefs about the impact of their activities in instructional supervision, school management, and communications between the school and the community about student achievement. The study reveals that groups of headmasters who differ in these beliefs also differ in the way they view the dynamics of their school. Implications for headmaster selection, headmaster training, and decentralization of educational management are discussed.
Zusammenfassung Diese Studie untersucht, inwieweit die Auffassungen der Lehrer an der junior secondary school (auf die Sekundarstufe vorbereitende Schule) in Botswana über den Einfluß ihrer Aktivitäten auf Unterrichtsüberwachung, Schulleitung und die Kommunikation zwischen den Schulen und der Gemeinde zu den Leistungen der Schüler voneinander abweichen. Die Studie zeigt auf, daß die Schulleiter, die unterschiedliche Meinungen vertreten auch die Dynamik ihrer Schulen unterschiedlich bewerten. Diskutiert werden auch die Auswirkungen auf die Auswahl von Schulleitern, Fortbildungen für Schulleiter und auf die Dezentralisierung der Bildungsverwaltung.
Résumé Cette étude examine dans quelle mesure les jeunes directeurs des écoles secondaires du Botswana conçoivent différemment l'impact de leur activité sur l'orientation pédagogique, la gestion scolaire et la manière dont l'école informe la communauté des résultats scolaires. L'étude révèle que certains groupes de directeurs affichant des conceptions divergentes sur ces thèmes diffèrent également dans leur façon de considérer la dynamique de leur école. Il s'ensuit une discussion des conséquences à envisager dans la sélection des directeurs, leur formation et la décentralisation de la gestion scolaire.
A series of three studies was conducted to examine the relationship between specific forms of social and pretend play and divergent (figural and semantic) and convergent problem solving in preschool aged children. Naturalistic and experimental designs were used to provide a clearer account of the nature of the relationship between play and problem solving and to challenge the assumption that there is a single direction bf influence (play influencing problem solving) rather than the influence being complex and reciprocal. Overall, the results support a complex reciprocal causality model in which the development of divergent problem solving skills facilitates the development of play skills and vice versa. 相似文献
THIS LIMITED REVIEW of research on the social integration of children with disabilities in mainstreaming programs showed that there are several factors which may explain the apparent inconsistencies within the research literature. The diverse groups of individuals involved necessitate that attention be paid to pertinent variables and that care must be taken when findings are generalized to other groups of children with disabilities. An issue of particular concern was the simplistic measuring techniques employed in some research, particularly where studies relied on a single technique such as sociometry. There is limited evidence to support the increased use of multivariate statistical procedures as a means of producing more consistent findings. While most studies reviewed did not incorporate special treatments, that is other than integrated settings, invariably such treatments produced positive outcomes. Studies involving research designs which used the social acceptance of normal children as the basis for assessing social integration frequently resulted in negative findings. 相似文献
We studied patterns of mothers' and fathers' differential treatment of firstborn (average age 10.5 years) and secondborn (average age 8 years) school-age siblings, and we examined the links between parents' differential treatment and children's well-being and dyadic family relationships. Mothers, fathers, and both siblings in 110 families were interviewed in their homes. For each dimension of parental behavior that we assessed (i.e., differential affection and discipline) we created groups of families that reflected mothers' and fathers' levels of differential treatment (e.g., discipline the firstborn more, equal treatment, discipline the secondborn more). Although we detected substantial correspondence between the 2 parents' differential treatment, we found a sizable group of families in which parents' reports were incongruent (i.e., 1 parent reported equal and the other differential treatment). Parental patterns were linked to differences between the siblings' well-being and both sibling and parent-child relationships, with younger siblings exhibiting greater vulnerability to differential treatment. Incongruence in differential warmth was associated with marital distress. 相似文献