德育的真正基础:学生的美好学习生活——论教学生态在德育中的地位

外施性的德育面临的问题是它难以进入到儿童心灵深处,因而低质低效。儿童在良好的教学生态中会自动形成德性。认识素朴的德的存在、特性和生成机制,是认识良好教学生态在德育中的地位的关键;认识教学-学习在整个儿童生活中的核心地位, 是认识良好教学生态在德育中的真正基础地位的前提。教学生本化是形成良好教学生态和建立德育真正基础的关键。     

The ethics of designing artificial agents

In their important paper “Autonomous Agents”, Floridi and Sanders use “levels of abstraction” to argue that computers are or may soon be moral agents. In this paper we use the same levels of abstraction to illuminate differences between human moral agents and computers. In their paper, Floridi and Sanders contributed definitions of autonomy, moral accountability and responsibility, but they have not explored deeply some essential questions that need to be answered by computer scientists who design artificial agents. One such question is, “Can an artificial agent that changes its own programming become so autonomous that the original designer is no longer responsible for the behavior of the artificial agent?” To explore this question, we distinguish between LoA1 (the user view) and LoA2 (the designer view) by exploring the concepts of unmodifiable, modifiable and fully modifiable tables that control artificial agents. We demonstrate that an agent with an unmodifiable table, when viewed at LoA2, distinguishes an artificial agent from a human one. This distinction supports our first counter-claim to Floridi and Sanders, namely, that such an agent is not a moral agent, and the designer bears full responsibility for its behavior. We also demonstrate that even if there is an artificial agent with a fully modifiable table capable of learning* and intentionality* that meets the conditions set by Floridi and Sanders for ascribing moral agency to an artificial agent, the designer retains strong moral responsibility.     

教育管理学的研究对象及其分类

教育管理学的研究对象是教育管理问题或成为问题的教育管理现象。根据教育管理问题的性质,可从不同的角度把教育管理研究的问题分为事实问题与价值问题、经验问题与概念问题、常规问题与革命问题。所有这些问题必须是真问题,而不是假问题。     

The Relationship of Spelling Recognition, RAN, and Phonological Awareness to Reading Skills in Older Poor Readers and Younger Reading-Matched Controls

The role of spelling recognition was examined in word reading skills and reading comprehension for dyslexic and nondyslexic children. Dyslexic and nondyslexic children were matched on their raw word reading proficiency. Relationships between spelling recognition and the following were examined for both groups of children: verbal ability, working memory, phonological measures, rapid naming, word reading, and reading comprehension. Children’s performance in spelling recognition was significantly associated with their skills in word reading and reading comprehension regardless of their reading disability status. Furthermore, spelling recognition contributed significant variance to reading comprehension for both dyslexic and nondyslexic children after the effects of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and word reading proficiency had been accounted for. The results support the role of spelling recognition in reading development for both groups of children and they are discussed using a componential reading fluency framework.     

对“基础”与“创新”关系的重新认识

基础扎实与创新素质的培养之间并不存在着一种天然的正相关,如果对“基础”的理解有偏差,对“扎实”的度把握失当,二者之间就可能出现负相关。在我国的基础教育实践中,本来具有一致性的“基础”与“创新”的关系却成了一种冲突与排斥大大多于一致与互动的关系。因此,我们需要在复杂性的意义上重新审视“基础”与“创新”的内涵及其关系。     

"互助式"教学法在女生游泳教学中的运用

在女生游泳课教学过程中采用"互助式"教学法,既对少数基础好的学生提出更高的要求,又对个别基础差的学生加强辅导,使全体学生相互促进,共同进步."互助式"教学法为学生各方面的能力提高创造了机会,使体育教学更符合素质教育的要求.     

教育人性化的个体价值取向

教育人性化作为一种应然的追求,是教育对人性的适应和改善,是客体对主体需要的满足。教育人性化作为实践的指导原则,在现实中需要立足于个体差异和个人尊严,依据个体永恒存在的本性和自主发展的特性,激发每个人的主观能动性,增进每个人的实践智慧,培养具有个性自由的个人。在现代教育的时代境遇和价值危机背景下,教育人性化既需要强化个体价值取向,又需要维持个体化和社会化之间必要的张力,通过生活世界的理性化实践完成个体社会化,实现人人平等和个性自由。     

科技期刊7项重要计量指标间的相互关系

通过阐述科技期刊评价7项重要计量指标间的相互关系，系统分析它们的属性和作用，讨论它们的使用方法，提出了建立适合我国科技期刊发展特点的科技期刊综合评价指标体系的基本原则。