未受控制的高血糖对2型糖尿病患者粘附分子的影响（英文）

目的:评估可溶性血管细胞间黏附分子(s VCAM-1)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子(s ICAM-1)、可溶性选择素E和可溶性血栓调节蛋白在血糖控制良好和不受控制的2型糖尿病患者中的水平。创新点:对2型糖尿病患者的血管内皮炎症标记物进行评估。方法:62例糖尿病患者分成两组:第一组包括35个血糖控制良好的糖尿病患者,第二组包括27个未控制血糖并伴有微蛋白尿的糖尿病患者。对照组由25名健康志愿者组成。测定血浆中s VCAM-1、s ICAM-1、可溶性选择素E和可溶性血栓调节蛋白的浓度,同时测定血清肌酐及血浆中空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)的浓度。结论:与血糖控制良好的糖尿病组相比,未控制血糖组具有相对低的ICAM-1水平和更高的VCAM-1水平。未控制血糖组中患者的糖化血红蛋白和ICAM-1之间呈正相关,肾小球滤过率和可溶性选择素E之间呈正相关,而肌酐和ICAM-1之间呈负相关。研究证实2型糖尿病的发病机理中炎症过程的出现与血管内皮功能受损有关。未受控制的高血糖对粘附分子的反向作用表明,在糖尿病的并发症中VCAM-1和ICAM-1具有不同功能。     

Entwicklungen im Kindergarten und in der Grundschule

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag berichtet über einige übergreifende gesellschaftliche Rahmenentwicklungen im Bereich von Kindergarten und Grundschule (Schülerzahlen, mütterliche Erwerbst?tigkeit, Alleinerziehende. Gestaltungsautonomie) und diskutiert die m?glichen Auswirkungen dieser Entwicklungen auf zukünftige Ver?nderungen im Bereich von Kindergarten und Grundschule sowie die Verzahnung dieser beiden Bereiche.

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Summary Development in Kindergarten and Primary School The article considers some general societal structural developments in the areas of kindergarten and primary school (number of students in the classroom, maternal employment, single parenting, school autonomy). It also discusses the possible effects of these developments on future changes in the areas of kindergarten and primary school, as well as the integration of these two sectors.

     

Herkunft und Bildungserfolg beim Übergang vom Kindergarten in die Grundschule

In Germany, age and readiness for school are still the main criteria for school entry decisions. As a result some children start school earlier or later than scheduled. Since the 1970s it is well known that school entries not according to the cut-off date are coupled with the social and ethnic family background of these children and result in differential school careers. Thus an early or delayed school entry may be seen as the starting point of cumulative educational inequalities. New results from three series of interviews with parents, Kindergarten teachers, and school headmasters being part of the longitudinal study BiKS (“Bildungsprozesse, Kompetenzentwicklung und Selektionsentscheidungen im Vor- und Grundschulalter”, educational processes, competence development and selection decisions in pre- and primary school age) now reveal how these decisions develop. One of these qualitative studies is dedicated to school entry decisions in families with Turkish migration background. It is concluded that especially two measures can reduce these early inequalities: (1) better information for the parents and (2) early preventive support for all children making delayed school entries no more necessary.     

Overweight and obesity versus concentrations of VEGF-A,sVEGFR-1, and sVEGFR-2 in plasma of patients with lower limb chronic ischemia

Objective

Being overweight or obese comprises a significant risk factor for atherosclerosis. Fat tissue also generates factors stimulating angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form. The purpose of this paper is to assess concentrations of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and its soluble type-1 and type-2 receptors (sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2) in plasma of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) depending on the level of nutrition according to body mass index (BMI).

Methods

The study group included patients suffering from symptomatic PAD (n=46) in Fontaine classes IIa–IV without any history of neoplastic disease and who have a normal BMI (n=15), are overweight (n=21) or are obese (n=10). The control group (n=30) consisted of healthy non-smoking volunteers who were neither overweight nor obese. Venous blood plasma samples were collected from both groups at rest in the morning to determine plasma concentrations of VEGF-A, sVEGFR-1, and sVEGFR-2 using the enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.

Results

The group of patients with PAD co-existent with being overweight or obese tended to have higher mean concentration levels of VEGF-A and sVEGFR-2 when compared with patients suffering from PAD with normal BMI. A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained between BMI and average plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-2 (R=0.37, P=0.0103). However, no significant correlation was noticed between BMI and VEGF-A or sVEGFR-1 concentrations.

Conclusions

A positive correlation determined between the level of antiangiogenic factor and BMI value may be indicative of the linearly growing prevalence of some antiangiogenic factors in patients with metabolic disorders, which may be one of numerous factors contributing to incomplete efficiency of collateral circulation development in patients with PAD.

     

Zur Erklärung der Teilnahme an hochschuldidaktischer Weiterbildung

In recent years, the need for didactic training in the field of higher education has become a focus of education policy. According to empirical evidence, however, only some of the university teaching staff participate in training opportunities. So far, only little empirical research has been undertaken to investigate the determinants of training intention in the area of university didactics. This article applies Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB), for the first time, to this specific context and highlights the importance of perceived behavioral control and attitude in explaining training intention. For subjective norm, however, no direct effect could be found. In addition to the TPB predictors, direct and indirect effects of previous training participation on intention as well as the effect of training context on perceived behavioral control were assessed. Adding past behavior to the model resulted in a direct effect on intention and an increase of explained variance. With regard to the question of the sufficiency of the TPB, possible explanations are discussed.     

Low-stakes performance testing in Germany by the VERA assessment: analysis of the mode effects between computer-based testing and paper-pencil testing

The German school system employs centrally organized performance assessments (some of which are called “VERA”) as a way of promoting lesson development. In recent years, several German federal states introduced a computer-based performance testing system which will replace the paper-pencil testing system in the future. Scores from computer-based testing are required to be equivalent to paper-pencil testing scores so that the new testing medium does not lead to disadvantages for students. Therefore, the current study aimed at investigating the size of the mode effect and the moderating impact of students’ gender, academic achievement and mainly spoken language in everyday life. In addition, the variance of the mode effect across tasks was investigated. The study was conducted in four German federal states in 2019 using a field experimental design. The test scores of 5140 eighth-graders from 165 schools in the subject German were analysed. The results of multi-level modelling revealed that students’ test scores in the computerized version of the VERA test were significantly lower than in the paper-pencil version. Students with a lower academic achievement were more disadvantaged by the VERA computerized test. The results were inconsistent regarding the interactions between testing mode and students’ gender and mainly spoken language in everyday life. The variance of the mode effect across tasks was high. Research into different subjects and in other federal states and countries under different testing conditions might yield further evidence about the generalizability of these results.