An analysis of the use of the “in doubt” response by university students on the musical aptitude profile and the iowa tests of music literacy

The Musical Aptitude Profile (MAP) and four levels of the Iowa Tests of Music Literacy (ITML) were administered to university non-music majors to investigate the use of the “in doubt” test item response. The “in doubt” response was not used indiscriminately by the university students on either test battery, and it appeared to function in a similar manner to use by public school students. The incidence of use of the “in doubt” response on ITML levels suggests that the students in this investigation felt quite confident of their answers on the achievement test levels and that this confidence remained stable throughout a semester of training. No reason to suspect the process validity of MAP or of ITML when used with university students was ascertained.     

FROM DISCONTENT TO PROTEST: INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL CAUSES OF THE 1989 PRO-DEMOCRACY MOVEMENT IN CHINA

Based on a secondary analysis of a survey involving more than2,500 urban working residents in China, this study tests severalindividual-level causes of protest behavior suggested by theresearch on protest in the West. The timing of the survey, justthree months before the 1989 massive upheaval in China, makesthe study especially valuable. Results from path analysis showthat age, education, and Communist Party membership have bothdirect and indirect impacts on protest, in an expected way.Income has only an indirect effect, whereas the impact of genderis not significant because the direct and indirect effects countereach other. Occupation does not make a difference. In addition,discontent with economic reforms, distrust in the government,aspirations for Western democracy, and disillusionment withCommunist ideology all significantly enhance protest behavior.Postmaterialist values, which contribute positively to politicalprotest in the West, play a suppressor role in China's context,which offers interesting implications for comparative researchon public opinion and political behavior.