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671.
Reading and Writing - Strategies instruction has improved the writing of high school struggling writers in previous studies, including students with disabilities. This study examined the... 相似文献
672.
Steve R. Osborne 《Learning & behavior》1977,5(3):221-235
Animals will perform an operant response to obtain food when abundant free food is available. These data have implications for current learning theories, especially in terms of the motivational variables associated with such behavior. The present paper reviews the literature and provides an analysis that suggests that responding for food in the presence of free food is importantly controlled by stimulus change attendant upon response-dependent food presentation. This apparent stimulus-reinforcer effect on behavior is compared to that observed in other areas of animal learning research that include preference between schedules of response-dependent and response-independent reinforcement, preference between schedules of signaled and unsignaled reinforcement, autoshaping and automaintenance, and self-reinforcement in animals. 相似文献
673.
In this paper, we argue that the power structure that lies within the UK elite universities dictates a division of labour through which the inflows of overseas academics into the UK academic labour markets are skewed towards these elite academic institutions where they are employed primarily in research-only posts. These posts, are less valued and are difficult to fill by UK academics. This explains the over-concentration non-UK academics within these posts and suggests that it is not a coincidence, but a result of a division of labour in which they are ‘used’ as a replacement labour. 相似文献
674.
The influence of test-trial delay of CS onset in obtaining response summation of an excitatory CS and an independently conditioned context was investigated. Water-deprived rats were given tone-shock and click-shock pairings in the training context and unsignaled footshocks in the test context. Durations of lick suppression in response to the tone (Test 1) and the click (Test 2) were then assessed in the test context. Licking was more suppressed when CS onset occurred early in the test session (e.g., 0 sec) than when it occurred later in the test session (e.g., 300 sec). The results from control groups that had received shock in an irrelevant context rather than the test context indicated that this effect was due to fear of the test context rather than diffuse, nonassociative fear. With onset of the clicks early in the test session on the second test day, response summation of the test context with the clicks was observed. This suggests that appreciable spontaneous recovery had occurred from any test-context extinction that took place on the first test day. We conclude that early onset of the CS on the test trial favors response summation of CSs and test context. 相似文献
675.
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677.
Michal Ayalon Anne Watson Steve Lerman 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2016,14(6):1153-1173
Identifying and expressing relations between quantities is a key aspect of understanding and using functions. We are aiming to understand the development of functions understanding throughout school years in Israel. A survey instrument was developed with teachers and given to 20 high and average achieving students from each of years 7–11 and to 10 high achieving students from year 12, a total of 110 students. Our analytical approach is to identify qualitatively what students appeared to do and whether their approaches led to complete solutions. We look for progress in understanding variables and relations between them, and we found that there does not appear to be a strong link between curriculum and informal understandings of variables and covariation, but there are other strengths. 相似文献
678.
Bella Ross Angela Carbone Katherine Lindsay Steve Drew Liam Phelan Caroline Cottman 《International Journal for Academic Development》2016,21(4):350-363
The rapid changes facing higher education are placing increased focus on the quality of the student experience, achieving learning outcomes, and employability expectations. As a result, academics in teaching roles are increasingly measured on performance via student evaluations amplifying attention on professional development initiatives for academics. One such initiative is the Peer Assisted Teaching Scheme currently in practice across many Australian universities. The critical component of the scheme is the establishment of teaching goals that provide focus and direction for the peer partnership. This study addresses two questions: (1) Around which aspects do academics set their goals for teaching improvement? and (2) How do academics’ goals align with the SMART goal-setting framework that is prescribed in the scheme? Findings from five Australian universities showed that goals align with a variety of educational areas yet many were underdeveloped, or misaligned with the proposed strategy. The implications of this are discussed and a framework for setting education goals for teaching improvement is developed. 相似文献
679.
Kathy Hall Beryl Webber Steve Varley Vanessa Young Peter Dormant 《Cambridge Journal of Education》1997,27(1):107-122
This paper is based on semi‐structured interviews with 59 Year 2 teachers across 45 schools in one LEA. It documents their practice of and attitudes to teacher assessment and it proposes a developmental model which describes and explains their approaches. The assessment of process skills is analysed and the effects of assessment on children's learning and teachers’ practice are discussed. The manageability of teacher assessment is also examined. The findings are linked with previous and subsequent studies on teacher assessment and suggestions for further research, based on these outcomes, are offered. 相似文献
680.
For the British teacher interested in children and books, the year's best buy has been a monthly review sheet produced by two Sheffield teachers; 60p for twelve issues, post paid, promptly delivered. CLE invited Jane Powell and Steve Bowles to describe their project; and we publish extracts to illustrate the practical nature of their reviews. 相似文献