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621.
This paper investigates the processes that predict reading acquisition. Associations between (a) scaffolding errors (e.g., “torn” misread as “town” or “tarn”), other reading errors, and later reading and (b) vowel and rime inferences and later reading were explored. To assess both of these issues, 50 6‐year‐old children were shown a number of CVC words, and word reading errors were noted. Children were then taught families of riming words that could serve as a basis for rime or vowel analogies (e.g., “bark”, “mark”, “dark” → “park” or “harm”) before attempting to read the CVCs a second time. Children’s reading ability was measured at age 6 and two years later at age 8. The results showed that, among word reading error groups, only scaffolding errors at age 6 were unique predictors of reading at age 8, after reading, vocabulary, and phonological awareness were controlled. Vowel but not rime inferences predicted reading at age 8. The results are used to inform a model of the role of phoneme awareness and grapheme use in early reading development wherein vowel inference‐use helps to specify precise representations of CVC words from preliminary scaffolding errors. 相似文献
622.
Athlete external load is typically analysed from predetermined movement thresholds. The combination of movement sequences and differences in these movements between playing positions is also currently unknown. This study developed a method to discover the frequently recurring movement sequences across playing position during matches. The external load of 12 international female netball athletes was collected by a local positioning system during four national-level matches. Velocity, acceleration and angular velocity were calculated from positional (X, Y) data, clustered via one-dimensional k-means and assigned a unique alphabetic label. Combinations of velocity, acceleration and angular velocity movement were compared using the Levenshtein distance and similarities computed by the longest common substring problem. The contribution of each movement sequence, according to playing position and relative to the wider data set, was then calculated via the Minkowski distance. A total of 10 frequently recurring combinations of movement were discovered, regardless of playing position. Only the wing attack, goal attack and goal defence playing positions are closely related. We developed a technique to discover the movement sequences, according to playing position, performed by elite netballers. This methodology can be extended to discover the frequently recurring movements within other team sports and across levels of competition. 相似文献
623.
Slums account for around a third of the population of Dhaka, Bangladesh, and are thought to be growing rapidly. But there is little in the research literature about education of children who live in slums and it is doubtful whether they are covered in official statistics such as those on enrolment rates. This paper addresses this gap with information from a 2008 survey of around 1600 slum households. Most had incomes of less than US$1 per day per person, and faced problems including flooding, poor housing, and risk of eviction. A wide range of school types provided education to children from the study areas, but this varied a lot between different slums. 相似文献
624.
Science-technology-society (STS) has been identified by the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), the Departments of Education in a variety of states, and a variety of commissions and panels concerned with reform in science education as a new direction and goal for science education. Because most teachers are dependent upon textbooks for determining their curricula and teaching approaches, an investigation of 11 of the most frequently used secondary science textbooks in the U.S. were reviewed to determine the attention given to STS topics. The framework established by the Project Synthesis research team for STS was used to define STS topics. The 11 textbooks were examined in their entirety to determine space devoted to STS. Minimum interrater reliability was established at 0.80; any deviation resulted in further analysis. Comparisons were made of STS coverage by science disciplines and across the 7-12 grade levels. Results revealed that less than 7% of the narrative space is devoted to STS topics, with a range of 11.5% to 0.5%. Further, the coverage of STS topics decreases as grade level increases. A great discrepancy, therefore, exists between goals for science education (an STS emphasis) to actual coverage in the most frequently used textbooks. 相似文献
625.
Self‐regulation is of interest both to psychologists and to teachers. But what the word means is unclear. To define it precisely, two studies examined the American Psychological Association's system of controlled vocabulary—specifically, the 447 associated terms it presents—and used techniques from the Digital Humanities to identify 88 closely related concepts and six broad conceptual clusters. The resulting analyses show how similar ideas are interrelated: self‐control, self‐management, self‐observation, learning, social behavior, and the personality constructs related to self‐monitoring. A full‐color network map locates these concepts and clusters relative to each other. It also highlights some of the interests of different audiences, which can be described heuristically using two axes that have been labeled abstract versus practical and self‐oriented versus other‐oriented. 相似文献
626.
Mohsen Shafizadeh Stuart Bonner Jonathan Fraser Andrew Barnes 《Journal of sports sciences》2019,37(9):1011-1020
The aims of this study were to examine the effect of different environmental constraints on kinematic multi-segment coordination patterns during the service and its coordination with service time variability. Ten expert tennis players (Age: 34.1 ± 5.3) volunteered to take part in this study. Participants served 30 times in 3 different conditions: control, target and opposition. The order of conditions was counterbalanced between participants. A wireless 3D motion capture system (STT Co, Spain) was used to measure 7 joint motions, with a 17 degrees of freedom biomechanical model created to capture the entire service action. Results of the principal component analysis showed that 4 synergies were created; however, their roles were changed relative to the perception of the environment. The results of repeated-measures analysis of variance did not show any significant difference on total variance and individual principal components between conditions; however, one synergy pattern significantly predicted the service time variability in both control and opposition conditions. In conclusion, the findings demonstrated that expert performers reduce the joint dimensionality by creating functional synergies in different phases of service and adapt the service action according to the perception of the environment. 相似文献
627.
After correcting errors in our paper ([Bifulco and Bretschneider, 2001]), [Ruggiero, 2003]) finds that efficiency estimates provided by DEA and COLS have higher correlations with true efficiency values than indicated in our analysis. However, because Ruggiero only considers cases without measurement error, his analysis leaves the primary question of our study unanswered. Using the corrected data generation process proposed by Ruggiero, we find that the presence of measurement error substantially reduces the correlations between estimates of efficiency provided by DEA and COLS and true efficiency. Thus, the primary conclusions of our original study remain. If the administrative data sets used in school accountability programs have significant amounts of measurement error, and if the methods used to estimate efficiency require exogenous inputs, than measures of school efficiency can be quite misleading. 相似文献
628.
629.
Information about gender differences in interests is necessary to disentangle the effects of discrimination and choice when gender inequalities occur, such as in employment. This article assesses gender differences in interests within the popular social news and entertainment site Reddit. A method to detect terms that are statistically significantly used more by males or females in 181 million comments in 100 subreddits shows that gender affects both the selection of subreddits and activities within most of them. The method avoids the hidden gender biases of topic modelling for this task. Although the method reveals statistically significant gender differences in interests for topics that are extensively discussed on Reddit, it cannot give definitive causes, and imitation and sharing within the site mean that additional checking is needed to verify the results. Nevertheless, with care, Reddit can serve as a useful source of insights into gender differences in interests. 相似文献
630.
Stuart G. Noble 《The Educational forum》2013,77(3):343-346
BIOGRAPHY: Across The Busy Years by Nicholas Murray Butler. Volume 11. Charles Scribner's Sons. 452 pp. $3.75. I Remember: The Autobiography of Abraham Flexner. Simon and Schuster. 414 PP. 3-75 Jimmy Hare, News Photographer by Cecil Carnes. The Macmillan Company. 293 pp. $3.00. Jonathan Swift: Giant in Chains by Frank Stier Goodwin. Liveright Publishing Corp. 450 pp. $3.00. Prince Metternich: Statesman and Lover by Roaul Auernheimer. Alliance Book Corporation. 365 pp. $3.50. Translated from the German by James A. Galston. The Art of Biography in Eighteenth Century England by Donald A. Stauffer. Princeton University Press. 572 pp. $5-00. Who Was This Nazarene? by Albert F. Gilmore. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 325 pp. $2.75. EDUCATION: History and Philosophy of Education, Ancient and Medieval by Frederick Eby and Charles Flinn Arrow-wood. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 940 pp. $3.75. Modern Philosophies of Education by John S. Brubacher. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 370 PP. New Zealand Observer: A Schoolmaster Looks at America by J. E. Strochan. Columbia University Press, 128 pp. $1.50. Student Teaching by Charles W. San-ford, William Habberton, and Liesette J. McHarry. College of Education, University of Illinois, 164 pp. $1.70. FICTION: Delilah by Marcus Goodrich. Farrar and Rhinehart. 496 pp. $2.75. English History in English Fiction by Sir John Marriott. E. P. Dutton and Co. 308 pp. $2.75. Mighty Mountain by Archie Binns. Charles Scribner's Sons. 440 pp. $2.75. GENERAL LITERATURE: A P: The Story of News by Oliver Gramling. Farrar and Rinehart, Inc. 493 PP. $3.50. Bellevue by Lorraine Maynard in collaboration with Laurence Miscall. Julian Messner, Inc. 280 pp. $2.50. The Rape of The Masses by Serge Chakotin. Translated by E. W. Dickes. Alliance Book Corporation. 310 pp. $3.00. There Shall Be No Night by Robert E. Sherwood. Charles Scribner's Sons. 178 pp. $2.00. Why Men Behave Like Apes and Vice Versa by Earnest Albert Hooton. Illustrated. Princeton University Press. 234 pages. $3.00. HISTORY: Greek And The Greeks by Walter Miller. Illustrated. The Macmillan Co. 508 pp. $3.00. Women And The West by William F. Sprague. The Christopher Publishing House. 294 pp. $3.50. PHILOSOPHY: The Ways of Things by William Pepperell Montague. Prentice-Hall. 712 pp. $4.00. Wars of Families of Minds by William Lowe Bryan. Yak University Press. 143 pp. $2.00. 相似文献