A Geohistorical Study of ‘The Rise of Modern Science’: Mapping Scientific Practice Through Urban Networks, 1500–1900

Using data on the ‘career’ paths of one thousand ‘leading scientists’ from 1450 to 1900, what is conventionally called the ‘rise of modern science’ is mapped as a changing geography of scientific practice in urban networks. Four distinctive networks of scientific practice are identified. A primate network centred on Padua and central and northern Italy in the sixteenth century expands across the Alps to become a polycentric network in the seventeenth century, which in turn dissipates into a weak polycentric network in the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century marks a huge change of scale as a primate network centred on Berlin and dominated by German-speaking universities. These geographies are interpreted as core-producing processes in Wallerstein’s modern world-system; the rise of modern scientific practice is central to the development of structures of knowledge that relate to, but do not mirror, material changes in the system.

开拓旅游的文脉——儒商高长虹

前些日子,我们跟着高长虹去爬东天目山。这里是他拓展旅游业的新的大手笔。他爬山的身姿异常灵巧,刚刚还在我们后面的,一下子就已在     

Theory of the halftone process. II. The diffraction theory-calculation of the light distribution

An approximate method of calculating the light distribution in the dots formed behind a halftone screen from the Fresnel diffraction theory is described, and in a typical case, the distribution is found to check closely with that determined experimentally, being very different from that calculated from geometrical optics.