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991.
We examined the effects of teacher supports in enhancing teachers’ open-ended questioning in pre-k activities. The blended teacher supports included online video demonstrations of questioning techniques and companion workshop activities. Twenty-five teachers received the blended supports while the control group did not. The data consisted of classroom video observations, teacher surveys, and teachers’ access time to teacher supports. Our quantitative analyses revealed that the treatment group teachers used more open-ended questions than the control group teachers. The students in the treatment group used a greater number of different words and complex sentences than those in the control group. 相似文献
992.
Vanessa Carvalho dos Santos Leyla Mariane Joaquim Charbel Ni?o El-Hani 《Science & Education》2012,21(4):543-578
A major source of difficulties in promoting students’ understanding of genetics lies in the presentation of gene concepts
and models in an inconsistent and largely ahistorical manner, merely amalgamated in hybrid views, as if they constituted linear
developments, instead of being built for different purposes and employed in specific contexts. In this paper, we report the
results of a study about how textbooks can provide the grounds for the students’ construction of such hybrid views about genes.
These views are a key problem in genetics teaching, because they make it more difficult that students properly understand
this central biological concept and strengthen genetic deterministic ideas, which characterize a widespread discourse about
genes in the public opinion. We analyzed 18 textbooks using categorical content analysis, employing categories derived from
the literature addressing the historical development of gene models and concepts. Our findings indicate that the analyzed
textbooks do convey hybrid views about genes, with no correspondence to scientific models related to this biological concept.
These views reinforce genetic deterministic discourses and may lead students to serious misunderstandings about the nature
of genes and their role in living systems, with consequences to future learning about genetics. 相似文献
993.
Factors affecting bioscience students’ academic achievement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Henna Rytk?nen Anna Parpala Sari Lindblom-Yl?nne Viivi Virtanen Liisa Postareff 《Instructional Science》2012,40(2):241-256
The examination of academic progression has become an essential tool for measuring the effectiveness of educational systems.
Research concerning the relationship between student learning and how they progress in their studies, however remains scarce.
The aim of this study is two-fold: Firstly, the study aims to analyse first-year bioscience students’ perceptions of their
teaching–learning environment and their approaches to learning as well as the relationship of these to academic achievement
as measured by students’ progression in studies and how they succeed. Secondly, the present study explores factors students
feel either enhance or impede their studying as well as the relationship of those factors with their approaches to learning
and academic achievement. The data consist of responses from 188 first-year students who began their studies in the fall 2007
and 2008. The data were collected in a Finnish context with a modified and shortened version of the Experiences in Teaching
and Learning Questionnaire (ETLQ). The analyses were carried out using factor analysis, one-way ANOVA and structural equation
modeling. According to the results, organised studying was related to both academic progression and study success. In addition,
academic progression was positively related to peer support. Furthermore, most of the students found that problems in time
management impeded their studies and that pre-set schedules enhanced them. Results indicate that social support and self-regulation
skills are important for academic achievement. 相似文献
994.
995.
The study compares the potential effects of a university admission exam model based on program-specific knowledge and an alternative
model relying on general study aptitude (GSA) in the context of a strongly stratified educational system with considerable
excess of demand over supply of university education. Using results of the Sonda Maturant 1998 survey, we show that in the specific context of the Czech Republic, displaying the above characteristics in the given period,
an admission exam model based on general study aptitude tests may improve the access of talented individuals with lower socioeconomic
status to university education. Our simulations show that with the GSA model (provided the model assumptions are met), the
relative chances of an applicant with a university-educated father would be only by one-fourth higher than the relative chances
of a student with a less educated father, as compared to the more than a one-third difference in case of the model emphasizing
program-specific knowledge. The odds ratio for the GSA model is by 28% points lower for mother’s education. 相似文献
996.
Petrill S Logan J Hart S Vincent P Thompson L Kovas Y Plomin R 《Journal of learning disabilities》2012,45(4):371-381
The authors examined whether math fluency was independent from untimed math and from reading using 314 pairs of school-aged twins drawn from the Western Reserve Reading and Math Projects. Twins were assessed through a 90-min home visit at approximately age 10 and were reassessed in their homes approximately 1 year later. Results suggested that the shared environment and genetics influenced the covariance among math fluency, untimed math measures, and reading measures. However, roughly two thirds of the variance in math fluency was independent from untimed math measures and reading, including reading fluency. The majority of this independent variance was the result of genetic factors that were longitudinally stable across two measurement occasions. These results suggest that math fluency, although related to other math measures, may also be a genetically distinct dimension of mathematics performance. 相似文献
997.
998.
Emily Coyne Lee Farrington‐Flint Jean Underwood James Stiller 《Journal of Research in Reading》2012,35(4):393-410
The current work examines children's sensitivity to rime unit spelling–sound correspondences within the context of early word reading as a way of assessing word‐specific influences on early word‐reading strategies. Sixty 6–7‐year‐olds participated in an experimental reading task that comprised word items that shared either frequent or infrequent rime unit correspondences. Retrospective self‐reports were taken as measures of strategy choice. The results showed that the children were more accurate in identifying word items that shared a common rime unit (consistent items) when compared with those containing infrequent rime units (unique and exception items). Moreover, while nonlexical (phonological) attempts were most frequently applied across all word types, these resulted in lower levels of accuracy, especially for the exception word items. The current data support the argument that children are increasingly sensitive to rime unit sound–spelling correspondences during the early stages of their word reading and the nature of these word‐specific orthographic representations shape their reliance on using particular lexical or non‐lexical‐based word‐reading strategies. 相似文献
999.
Halszka Jarodzka Thomas Balslev Kenneth Holmqvist Marcus Nystr?m Katharina Scheiter Peter Gerjets Berit Eika 《Instructional Science》2012,40(5):813-827
Complex perceptual tasks, like clinical reasoning based on visual observations of patients, require not only conceptual knowledge about diagnostic classes but also the skills to visually search for symptoms and interpret these observations. However, medical education so far has focused very little on how visual observation skills can be efficiently conveyed to novices. The current study applied a novel instructional method to teach these skills by showing the learners how an expert model visually searches and interprets symptoms (i.e., eye-movement modelling examples; EMMEs). Case videos of patients were verbally explained by a model (control condition) and presented to students. In the experimental conditions, the participants received a recording of the model’s eye movements superimposed on the case videos. The eye movements were displayed by either highlighting the features the model focused on with a circle (the circle condition) or by blurring the features the model did not focus on (the spotlight condition). Compared to the other two conditions, results show that a spotlight on the case videos better guides the students’ attention towards the relevant features. Moreover, when testing the students’ clinical reasoning skills with videos of new patient cases without any guidance, participants studying EMMEs with a spotlight showed improved their visual search and enhanced interpretation performance of the symptoms in contrast to participants in either the circle or the control condition. These findings show that a spotlight EMME can successfully convey clinical reasoning based on visual observations. 相似文献
1000.
The goals of this study were to investigate the timing and the mechanism by which two types of model-centered instruction
(MCI)—expert modeling (EM) and self-guided modeling (SGM)—might be made increasingly effective, efficient, and engaging for
learners with different levels of expertise. The 62 pre-service and in-service evaluators who participated in the study were
randomly assigned to one of these two types of MCI. The participants in the EM group were provided with the conceptual models
used by experts to solve ethical conflicts within program evaluation. The participants in SGM group received no guidance in
developing their own mental models. Regarding instructional effectiveness measures, there were no significant differences
between the two types of MCI. However, inexperienced learners in the EM group invested less instructional effort and time
than did those in the SGM group. In addition, inexperienced learners in the EM group also exhibited more engagement than did
those in the SGM group. Therefore, EM is likely to be the more appropriate instructional design for inexperienced learners.
Expert modeling required experienced learners to invest more mental effort, because if the conceptual model of the expert
was redundant, it required them to integrate the previous schema with resulting overload of their working memory. Regardless
of the types of MCI employed, the inexperienced participants showed significantly higher levels of attention and satisfaction
than did the experienced participants. 相似文献