The beginning of decoding

It is widely agreed that children recognize their first words in a different way than they later decode. One hypothesis is that sight words are recognized as wholes, another that they are recognized by parts. Two experiments were devised to compare these hypotheses. In one, children were taught a sight word accompanied by a salient extraneous cue and then tested for recognition of the word and the cue. In the other, children were taught sight words, then tested for recognition of each half of the word. The children were found to recognize the cue but not the word; they recognized one half of the word but not the other. The results support the idea that first words are recognized by selective association.     

Working and Playing Together: Prediction of Preschool Social-Emotional Competence from Mother-Child Interaction

The impact of mother-child interaction on preschoolers' social-emotional competence was evaluated. Twenty-five girls and 23 boys (mean age = 44 mos) and their mothers were videotaped performing four play/teaching tasks. Preschool teachers completed the Baumrind Preschool Behavior Q-Sort and the Behar Problem Behavior Questionnaire. Mother-child interaction aggregates represented task orientation, positive emotion, and allowance of autonomy/reliance on mother. Results indicated that specific maternal interaction aggregates coherently predicted the children's Positive Social Behavior, Assertiveness, and Sadness in the preschool setting. Child aggregates were less effective predictors of teachers' ratings. Several gender differences in the prediction of social-emotional competence were found (e.g., maternal allowance of autonomy predicted girls' sadness, but boys' sadness was predicted by their own negative emotion). These findings' contributions to the parent-child literature are discussed.     

Toddlers' Attachment Security to Child-Care Providers: The Safe and Secure Scale

Attachment relationships of toddlers (N = 45) to their child-care providers were investigated. Children's behaviors with their mothers were observed at home at 24 months and with their child-care providers at 26 months. Attachment Q-Sort procedures were used at home (90 items) and in child care (78 items); the latter yielded a 15-item Safe and Secure Scale describing the safe haven and secure base functions of attachment relationships in child care—being able to (a) seek and receive positive attention, (b) feel safe and protected, (c) receive support for exploration, (d) receive consolation when distressed, and (e) seek and accept assistance. Independent observational measures of child-care quality also were obtained at 24 months. As hypothesized, the Safe and Secure Scale was related to proximal rather than distal indicators of child-care quality, and it was a stronger measure than the child-caregiver Q-security score that was based on all 78 items. Child-mother and child-caregiver security were significantly related.     

Emotion Regulation Strategies and Parenting Practices among Parents of Children With Clinic-Referred Conduct Problems

Objective. This study examined the cognitive-affective strategies used by parents of young children with conduct problems to regulate emotions. Key questions concerned the extent to which these emotion regulation strategies are associated with positive and negative parenting practices and predict quality of parenting through interplay with parental depression. Design. Participants were families of toddlers (n = 84) referred to a tertiary-level health service for the treatment of disruptive behavior problems. Parenting practices were indexed through observational coding of parent–child interactions and self-report data on multiple dimensions of positive and negative parenting. Parents self-reported their use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression—the two emotion regulation strategies that are most robustly associated with psychosocial functioning in adults. Results. Associations between emotion regulation strategy and quality of parenting were moderated by parental depressive symptom severity, with distinct effects seen for positive and negative parenting practices. In terms of positive parenting, more frequent use of cognitive reappraisal was associated with increased use of labeled praise among parents with lower levels of depressive symptoms, whereas parents who had higher levels of depressive symptoms engaged in less such praise regardless of how frequently they used reappraisal. In terms of negative parenting, frequent use of cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression were associated with reduced levels of negative parenting, but only among parents with high levels of depression. Conclusions. These findings add to growing support for the integration of emotion regulation strategies into family process models of early-onset conduct problems and related clinical interventions.     

Child abuse potential inventory and parenting behavior: Relationships with high-risk correlates

The primary purpose of this research was to examine the construct validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory by comparing maltreating and high-risk parents' CAP Inventory abuse scores to their behavior during interactions with their children. A second purpose was to determine the degree to which CAP Inventory scores and parenting behavior were related to several known correlates of abuse, as measured by parent and teacher reports. Participants (n = 41) included abusive and high-risk parents and their children referred to a treatment group. Correlational analyses revealed that CAP Inventory scores and observed parenting style yielded highly related findings, supporting construct validity of the CAP Inventory. However, the CAP Inventory and observed behavior index showed a different pattern of relationships to the risk correlates. Implications for assessment of risk status are discussed and recommendations are provided for continued research.     

Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning

Relations between self-reported parental reactions to children's negative emotions (PNRs) and children's socially appropriate/problem behavior and negative emotionality were examined longitudinally. Evidence was consistent with the conclusion that relations between children's externalizing (but not internalizing) emotion and parental punitive reactions to children's negative emotions are bidirectional. Reports of PNRs generally were correlated with low quality of social functioning. In structural models, mother-reported problem behavior at ages 10-12 was at least marginally predicted from mother-reported problem behavior, children's regulation, and parental punitive or distress reactions. Moreover, parental distress and punitive reactions at ages 6-8 predicted reports of children's regulation at ages 8-10, and regulation predicted parental punitive reactions at ages 10-12. Father reports of problem behavior at ages 10-12 were predicted by earlier problem behavior and parental distress or punitive reactions; some of the relations between regulation and parental reactions were similar to those in the models for mother-reported problem behavior. Parental perceptions of their reactions were substantially correlated over 6 years. Some nonsupportive reactions declined in the early to mid-school years, but all increased into late childhood/early adolescence.     

The impact of post-literacy: A Tanzanian case study

Literacy has long been associated with commercial and political power, so that many countries have embarked on mass literacy with an assumption that socio-economic and political transformation will result. In the case of Tanzania, this is embodied in the policy of socialism and self-reliance. Tests have shown a drop in the illiteracy rate from 67 per cent in 1970 to 10 per cent in 1986, but for more than a decade economic difficulties have hindered the advance of post-literacy. A 1983 impact study shows an increase in income and political participation, and improvements in health and nutrition, but a general impact study does not reveal information as precise and useful as a specific study. The favourable impression of the 1983 study is contrasted with practical problems thrown up by investigations of the rural press, rural libraries, radio and film education, agricultural shortages, and economic constraints. These range from distribution and maintenance difficulties to political dependence, international prices and lack of marketing knowledge. There are thus many factors controlling development besides reinforcement of literacy.

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Zusammenfassung Alphabetisierung ist seit langem mit wirtschaftlicher und politischer Macht verbunden, so daß viele Länder die Massenalphabetisierung angefangen haben, in der Annahme, daß sozio-ökonomische und politische Veränderungen daraus resultieren würden. Im Falle Tansanias ist dies in der Politik des Sozialismus und self-reliance mit eingebettet. Tests haben einen Rückgang des Analphabetismus von 67 Prozent (1970) auf 10 Prozent (1986) ermittelt, aber seit mehr als einem Jahrzehnt behindern wirtschaftliche Schwierigkeiten den Ausbau der Nachalphabetisierung. Eine 1983 erstellte Impaktstudie zeigt eine Steigerung des Einkommens und der politischen Partizipation, sowie Verbesserungen in der Volksgesundheit und in der Ernährung, aber eine allgemeine Untersuchung gibt keine so genauen und nützlichen Informationen wie eine spezifische Studie. Der günstige Eindruck der 1983 erstellten Studie steht im Kontrast zu den praktischen Problemen, die durch die Untersuchungen der ländlichen Presse, der ländlichen Büchereien, der Bildung durch Radio und Film, der landwirtschaftlichen Defizite und der wirtschaftlichen Einschränkungen aufgeworfen wurden. Die Bandbreite reicht von Verteilungs- und Instandhaltungsproblemen bis zur politischen Abhängigkeit, von internationalen Preisen bis zum Mangel an Marketingwissen. Es gibt also sehr viele Faktoren, die neben der Stärkung der Alphabetisierung die Entwicklung bestimmen.

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Résumé On a longtemps associé l'alphabétisation au pouvoir commercial et politique, si bien que beaucoup de pays ont lancé des campagnes d'alphabétisation de masse, en supposant qu'il en résulterait une transformation socio-économique et politique. Dans le cas de la Tanzanie, cette attitude se reflète dans la politique de socialisme et d'indépendance. Des tests ont montré une baisse du taux d'analphabétisme de 67 pour cent en 1970 à 10 pourcent en 1986, mais, pendant plus de dix ans, des difficultés économiques ont entravé le déroulement de la postalphabétisation. Une étude d'impact menée en 1983 révèle une augmentation des revenus et de la participation politique, ainsi que des améliorations en matière de santé et de nutrition, mais une étude générale de l'impact n'apporte pas des informations aussi précises et utiles qu'une étude spécifique. L'impression favorable qui se dégage de l'étude de 1983 contraste avec les problèmes pratiques qui ont été identifiés par les recherches de la presse et des bibliothèques rurales, de la radio et des films éducatifs, des récoltes agricoles insuffisantes et des contraintes économiques. Ceux-ci vont des difficultés de distribution et de maintenance à la dépendance politique, aux prix internationaux et au manque de connaissances en marketing. Ainsi, de nombreux facteurs influencent le développement à côté du renforcement de l'alphabétisation.

     

B/S模式程序中的分布式计算应用一例

B／S模式的应用程序主要是集中式计算和处理，本简要的以实例无纸化考试系统设计，说明了在B／S模式中采用分布式计算处理的一种思路。