Child care quality: centers and home settings that serve poor families

The effects of center-based care on early development, outside of carefully controlled demonstration programs, appear to be positive yet often modest for children from low-income families. But little is known about variation in the quality of centers and preschools found among low-income neighborhoods. Evidence also remains scarce on the observed quality of home-based care, the settings that most children attend and into which large infusions of federal dollars are now directed. This paper reports on the observed quality of 166 centers and 187 nonparental home settings (including family child care homes and kith or kin providers) serving children in five cities situated in California, Connecticut, or Florida. Centers displayed higher mean quality as gauged by provider education and the intensity of structured learning activities, compared to home-based settings, but did not consistently display more positive child–provider interactions. Great variability among centers and home-based settings was observed, including between-city differences. Second, we found that contextual neighborhood attributes accounted for the quality of providers selected more strongly than family-level selection factors. Mothers with stronger verbal abilities (PPVT scores) did select higher quality centers; those employed longer hours each week relied on kith and kin providers with lower education levels. Interrelationships among different quality measures are detailed. The policy implications of such wide disparities in center and home-based care quality are discussed, including how states could more carefully strengthen regulatory or quality improvement efforts.     

A Comparative Analysis of the Function of Coordination of Early Childhood Education and Care in France and Italy

In several European countries professionals are in charge of the coordination of Early Childhood Education and Care provision at local community level. For the past 20 years the number of this personnel has grown considerably in Italy and in France. This study provides a comparative analysis of the function of coordinating Early Childhood Education and Care services in these two countries as emerges from two surveys carried out in French and Italian municipalities on the status, training, and tasks of early childhood coordinators. The implications of the coordination function in the promotion of the quality of Early Childhood Education and Care are discussed. Dans plusieurs pays europe´ens, il existe des professionnels charge´s de la coordination de la petite enfance au niveau des communes. Au cours de ces vingt dernie ¤ res anne´es, le nombre de ces personnels a conside´rablement augmente´ en Italie et en France. Cette e´tude fournit une analyse comparative de la fonction de coordination des services de la petite enfance dans ces deux pays a ¤ partir de deux enquetes mene´es dans des municipalite´s italiennes et franc¸aises sur le statut, la formation et les taches des coordinateurs de la petite enfance. Les implications de la fonction de coordination dans la promotion de la qualite´ des soins et de l'e´ducation dans les services de la petite enfance seront discute´es. En varios pa L ´ses europeos, hay profesionales responsables de la coordinacio´n de la educacio´n de la primera infancia y de la provisio´n del cuidado de nin ¨ os a nivel de la comunidad local. Durante los u´ltimos veinte an ¨ os el nu´mero de este personal ha crecido considerablemente en Italia y en Francia. Este estudio proporciona un ana´lisis comparativo de la funcio´n de coordinacio´n de los servicios de la educacio´n de la primera infancia y del cuidado de nin ¨ os en estos dos pa L ´ses como ha sido presentado en dos estudios realizados en municipios franceses e italianos sobre el estado, entrenamiento, y tareas de los coordinadores de la primera nin ¨ ez. Las implicaciones de la funcio´n de coordinacio´n en la promocio´n de la calidad de coordinacio´n de la educacio´n de la primera infancia y del cuidado de nin ¨ os sera´n discutidas.     

The Role of Unrealistic Optimism in College Student Risky Sexual Behavior

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between unrealistic optimism (UO) and risky sexual behavior (RSB) and related consequences in a college student sample. Participants believed they had significantly lower personal risk of engagement in alcohol-related sexual activity, unintended pregnancy, and STIs than the average college student (ps?<?0.01). Compared to national data, participants significantly underestimated likelihood of HPV and sexual engagement with four or more partners in the next year (ps?<?0.01). Findings support evidence of UO relating to RSB-related consequences, indicating need for improvements in sexual health education and intervention.     

The pathway to English word reading in Chinese ESL children: the role of spelling

The present longitudinal study investigated the role of spelling as a bridge between various reading-related predictors and English word reading in Chinese children learning English as a Second Language (ESL). One hundred and forty-one 5-year-old kindergarten children from Hong Kong, whose first language (L1) was Cantonese and second language (L2) was English, were administered tests of phonological awareness, letter knowledge, English vocabulary, spelling and English word reading at three time points (T1, T2 and T3) at 3-month intervals over a 6-month period. Nonverbal IQ was included as a control variable. The results showed that phonological awareness, letter knowledge and English vocabulary at T1 all predicted English word reading (T3) through spelling (T2). Further mediation analyses showed that, for phonological awareness and English vocabulary, full mediation effects were found. For letter knowledge, a partial mediation effect was observed. These results suggest that, in Chinese ESL kindergarteners, reading-related predictors foster word reading via spelling, a process that intersects phonology, orthography and semantics. Practical implications of these findings were also discussed.     

Interdisciplinary team education promotes innovations in the home care of older people

This article describes a new type of team training that involves undergraduate students of medicine, students from the Aalto University (industrial engineering and management, architecture, information networks, collaborative and industrial design and bioinformation technology) and specialized home care nurses. During the course, the students learned interdisciplinary teamwork and created innovations in the care of older people. The 18 participants formed six microteams (three persons in each team: one specialized nurse, one medical student and one from Aalto University). The course consisted of two seminars and 3 full days of home visits to older people’s homes. Participants were encouraged to make one innovation in each home visit that would improve the older person’s well-being or streamline the processes of home care. During the course, the participants promptly formed tight teams. They valued the know-how of the other team members and learned openly from each other. They also created a number of practical innovations in home care which they presented to executives of older people’s care in a final seminar. The course received very good feedback from the students.

This course is an encouraging example of how gerontological interdisciplinary team training may be successfully applied. The article describes both the learning outcomes and the innovations the students produced during their home visits. It also discusses the learning theories behind effective interdisciplinary team learning.     

The Olympic Games in London 2012 from a Swedish Media Perspective

The purpose of this article is to analyse the cultural information on (Olympic) sports presented in Swedish media coverage of the London Games 2012. A starting point for the analysis is that the media plays an important part in shaping a majority of the viewers' ideas about what sport is, and who is a real sportsman or sportswoman. In that way, the media gives cultural information on sports. The article focuses on a quantitative analysis of media representations, exploring how coverage intersects with gender and nationality, and devotes special attention to a comparison between the ways in which Sweden and Britain are represented in the media. The study demonstrates that there was a higher percentage of articles on Swedish sportswomen participating in the London Olympic Games compared to previous Olympics. A possible explanation is that the Swedish gender equality discourse has permeated the Swedish media, influencing it to cover sportswomen more than before. In addition, the cultural information presented to the Swedish readership about the London Olympic Games is, in short and oversimplified, nationalism rather than internationalism; that women, and especially Swedish women, practise sport; that track and field, swimming, handball, equestrian sports and football are very important and that they are performed by both men and women; and, finally, that in Britain, men play football and women are not involved in many sporting activities.     

Stretching and deep and superficial massage do not influence blood lactate levels after heavy-intensity cycle exercise

Abstract

The study aimed to assess the role of deep and superficial massage and passive stretching recovery on blood lactate concentration ([La^?]) kinetics after a fatiguing exercise compared to active and passive recovery. Nine participants (age 23 ± 1 years; stature 1.76 ± 0.02 m; body mass 74 ± 4 kg) performed on five occasions an 8-min fatiguing exercise at 90% of maximum oxygen uptake, followed by five different 10-min interventions in random order: passive and active recovery, deep and superficial massage and stretching. Interventions were followed by 1 hour of recovery. Throughout each session, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensor muscles, [La^?], cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables were determined. Electromyographic signal (EMG) from the quadriceps muscles was also recorded. At the end of the fatiguing exercise, [La^?], MVC, EMG amplitude, and metabolic and cardiorespiratory parameters were similar among conditions. During intervention administration, [La^?] was lower and metabolic and cardiorespiratory parameters were higher in active recovery compared to the other modalities (P < 0.05). Stretching and deep and superficial massage did not alter [La^?] kinetics compared to passive recovery. These findings indicate that the pressure exerted during massage administration and stretching manoeuvres did not play a significant role on post-exercise blood La^? levels.     

Acute passive stretching in a previously fatigued muscle: Electrical and mechanical response during tetanic stimulation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of acute passive stretching on the electrical and mechanical response of a previously fatigued muscle. Eleven participants underwent maximal tetanic stimulations (50 Hz) of the medial gastrocnemius, before and after a fatiguing protocol and after a bout of passive stretching of the fatigued muscle. During contraction, surface electromyography (EMG), mechanomyography (MMG), and force were recorded. The following parameters were calculated: (1) the EMG root mean square (RMS), mean frequency, and fibre conduction velocity; (2) MMG peak-to-peak and RMS; (3) the peak force, contraction time, half-relaxation time, peak rate of force development (dF/dt) and its acceleration (d² F/dt ²). Fatigue reduced peak force by 18% (P < 0.05) and affected the other force, EMG, and MMG parameters. After stretching: (1) all EMG parameters recovered to pre-fatigue values; (2) MMG peak-to-peak remained depressed, while RMS recovered to pre-fatigue values; (3) the peak force, peak rate of force development and its acceleration were further reduced by 22, 18, and 51%, respectively, and half-relaxation time by 40% (P < 0.05). In conclusion, acute passive stretching, when applied to a previously fatigued muscle, further depresses the maximum force-generating capacity. Although stretching does not alter the electrical parameters of the fatigued muscle, it does affect the mechanical behaviour of the muscle–tendon unit.     

The effect of electron attachment on the ion mobility curves in the Zeleny air blast method of ion mobility measurement

In a recent paper Professor John Zeleny published curves obtained for ion mobilities at different ion ages in relatively pure N₂ using his classical air blast method. Two features are of especial interest; one the apparent gradual displacement of the negative ion peak to lower mobilities as the ion age increases and the other a marked asymmetry of the electron peak on the low mobility side. This Zeleny interprets as an unresolved negative ion mobility of value about 100 cm./sec. per volt/cm. Such a mobility can only be explained by a carrier that is ion part of its life and electron part of its life, the electronic and ionic phases alternating frequently. The writers indicate that the latter interpretation cannot be correct on the basis of the energies and probabilities involved in electron attachment. Analysis shows that the whole series of the observed phenomena in N₂ by this method are successfully accounted for on the proper application of the simplified theory of electron attachment to the air blast method. Since the attachment phenomena have to date not been applied to this type of mobility study it was felt of importance to present this analysis in order to guide future investigations by this method.     

The theory of recombination of gaseous ions

The bearing of the recent results of Marshall on the theory of recombination of gaseous ions is discussed. It is shown, by solution of the Brownian movement equation for two ions of opposite sign, in a gas, that the average relative displacement in a time π is little influenced by the attractive forces, except for distances of the order of magnitude of 10^?5 cm. or less, at ordinary temperatures. This conclusion, that in general the motion of the ions relative to each other is largely one of random diffusion, is in good agreement with the interpretation forced by Marshall's study of the variation of the coefficient of recombination α with time and concentration of ions. This also indicates that the theoretical approach of Langevin to the solution of the recombination problem is untenable, while that of Thomson is justified. The theory, of Thomson is discussed and, is compared with observation. It appears to fit qualitatively as accurately as the facts are known.It is then shown how the success of any theoretical treatment is limited due to our ignorance of the nature of the mass of the ion, a condition which, however, enables us to understand the very small range of variation of α among the different gases.