Enhancing the Effects of Modeling Through Role-Play Practice

The effects of yoking role-play practice to modeling treatments designed to teach the rudimentary counseling skill of reflection of feeling were investigated. Twenty-eight novice counselors-in-training were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment conditions: written model, videotape model, written model plus role-play practice, and videotape model plus role-play practice. Effectiveness was measured by ratings of students' oral responses to 16 videotaped client vignettes. The multivariate analyses revealed that although there were no significant differences between the two modeling conditions without role-play practice, there were significant differences between students who received an opportunity to role-play practice and those who did not. From the results of the analyses, it was concluded that role-play practice significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the written model but not the video model. These results are discussed in terms of counselor skills training.     

浅谈北方三少民族传统生态观

本文基于人类学视角,运用民族学的理论知识,主要从三少民族的自然崇拜、禁忌、习惯、民间文学着手论述其传统的生态观,并简要分析传统文化在保护生态环境方面的客观作用。对三少民族而言,生态保护是民族传统文化的重要元素,其传统文化体现了三少数民族生存方式中的生态智慧,体现了尊重和保护环境的朴素生态观。     

What Do Educational Mismatches Tell Us About Skill Mismatches? A Cross‐country Analysis

The relationship between higher education and employment is commonly interpreted in terms of the extent to which the higher education sector is providing graduates with the knowledge and skills to match employment needs. It is assumed that a mismatch between working in a job and level or field of education limits the use of skills, with adverse effects on both productivity and earnings. This article examines this assumption on the basis of five countries from the European graduate survey (CHEERS data). Although the analysis shows that educational and skill mismatches are indeed related, mismatches by no means imply mismatches between available and required knowledge and skills. The results indicate that traditional approaches of mismatches have to be adapted to more flexible forms of relationships between higher education and work.     

Opting for Science and Technology!

This study focuses on the shortage of graduates in science/technology in the Netherlands. First, the potential reserves of students in science/technology are mapped. Second, the effects of measures to mobilise the reserves are investigated in terms of size and cost effectiveness. Efforts aimed at solving the enormous shortage of higher education graduates in science and technology in the Netherlands should start by evaluating what is available in this area. Research shows that the country's vast resources include considerable reserves of science and technology talent. These reserves comprise students who, although having met the entry requirements, ultimately did not opt for a technical or science study programme. Several measures could mobilise these reserves; some are presented in this article along with the influence they are estimated to have. Although the effect of these measures seems to be substantial, they leave much to be desired in terms of cost effectiveness. Moreover, they are still simulations, and the measures have not (yet) been tested in practice. Therefore, additional (experimental) research on such policy measures continues to be desirable.     

达斡尔族传统民间故事中的原始宗教因素

本文基于文学视角,运用民族学的理论知识,主要从自然崇拜、神灵崇拜、灵魂崇拜、萨满崇拜这4个方面着手分析研究,探讨这斡尔族原始宗教思想对达斡尔族民间故事的影响。可以说在达斡尔族的许多传统民间故事中都体现出其原始宗教的色彩,达斡尔族原始宗教对当时的达斡尔族民间故事产生了深远影响。此论题的研究,对于我们进一步认识、研究达斡尔族民间文学有积极意义,并能为此研究提供一个新的研究视角。     

达斡尔族网络语言生活与语言生活的层次自相似性

笔者运用混沌学的层次自相似性理论知识分析达斡尔族网络语言生活的现状。据初步调查,达斡尔族网络语言使用状况、语言态度与现实生活中达斡尔族语言使用状况及语言态度相吻合,但又不是单纯的部分加部分等于整体的叠加。在自相似性结构中,网络语言生活不可能包含达斡尔族语言生活的全部信息,表现出一定的非相似性。     

COMPROMISE MODELS FOR ESTABLISHING EXAMINATION STANDARDS

Cutoff scores based on absolute standards can be unacceptable in terms of the number of failures they produce. Cutoff scores based on relative standards, that is, cutoff scores set to achieve a fixed percentage of failures, can be unacceptable because an acceptable performance level for passed examinees cannot be guaranteed. In some situations one can improve upon an absolute standard using a compromise model, which draws on the information in the observed score distribution for a test to adjust the standard. Three compromise models are described and compared in this article.