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61.
Based on data collected through a complex survey of science and engineering PhD graduates from a UK research-based university, this paper examines the different types of careers and to what extent different types of competences acquired from doctoral education are regarded as valuable in the different career types. The results show that employment outside the conventional technical occupations is the main destination for the survey respondents. This career type is not only successful at retaining its members, but is also the destination of the other career types. Moreover, different types of competences from doctoral education are regarded as relatively more valuable in different career types: knowledge directly tied to subject areas is regarded as more valuable in academia/public research; both knowledge directly tied to subject areas (but more general type of knowledge rather than specialist knowledge in PhD topics) and the more general and transferable skills are regarded as valuable in technical positions in manufacturing; and the general and transferable skills are regarded as more valuable in employment outside the conventional technical occupations. In absolute terms, general analytical skills and problem solving capability acquired from doctoral education are perceived as valuable in all three career types. 相似文献
62.
While multitasking is not a new concept, it has received increasing attention in recent years with the development of new media and technologies. Recent trends appear to suggest that multitasking is on the rise among the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to determine if students obtain more or less information in multitasking conditions. We examined the relationships of multitasking to attention, cognitive load and media with 130 college student participants. In this study, participants were given a timed (16 minutes) reading comprehension test in three conditions: Silence (only reading), Background multitasking (reading with a non-tested video shown simultaneously), and Test multitasking (reading with a tested video shown simultaneously) conditions. Our findings indicated that: (1) participants in the Background condition performed as well as those in the Silence condition, and (2) when participants were tested on their video comprehension, the group in the Test condition performed significantly better than the group in the Background condition. The results of this study suggest that cognitive load plays an important role in determining how much information is retained when students perform more than one task at a time. 相似文献
63.
The present study examines the development of sight word reading in young children by examining changes in their self‐reported reading strategies over time. A sample of 65 five to seven year olds were asked to read 40 real word items, all carefully matched for letter length and word frequency, on three separate occasions. Changes in the children’s word identifications were measured using immediately retrospective verbal self‐reports. Overall, the results showed some variability in the children’s self‐reported reading strategies. Over time the children relied less on phonological strategies and moved towards reliance on directly retrieving words from memory. This change was most evident in the older children; while both year groups showed similar patterns of shifting reliance from explicit phonological strategies to retrieval, this shift was simply less frequent among the younger children. An analysis of word‐specific changes in reading strategies showed that the older children had a better sight vocabulary for more complex word items. These findings provide further support for Ehri’s mediated phase theory in explaining children’s development in learning to read. 相似文献
64.
We investigated the factorial structure of four major domains in social psychology (personality traits, social attitudes, values, and social norms) with an emphasis on cross-cultural differences. Three distinctive approaches—pancultural, multigroup, and multilevel—were applied to the data based on 22 measures that were collected from 2029 participants from 73 countries. First, in a pancultural approach, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the entire sample of participants, disregarding country of origin. Second, in the multigroup (etic/emic) approach, nine societal clusters were fitted using a four-factor model. Several tests of invariance were applied to assess equivalence across the cultures. Finally, a multilevel approach was used to assess the structure at the individual-level and at the between-country (ecological) level. Our results show that the four-factor solution emerges from the cultural domains, and this is supported by all three approaches. The factors are Personality/Social Attitudes, Values, Social Norms, and Conservatism. In the multilevel analysis, only two factors emerge at the ecological (between) level as opposed to four factors at the individual (within) level, but due to methodological difficulties, their status needs to be studied further. We discuss our findings in terms of the inside–out view of social interactions. 相似文献
65.
Kirby Deater-Deckard Paula Y. Mullineaux Stephen A. Petrill Lee A. Thompson 《Reading and writing》2009,22(1):107-116
We examined the associations between components of temperament and children’s word and pseudo-word reading skills, in a school-age
sample using a within-family internal-replication design. We estimated the statistical prediction of word and pseudo-word
reading in separate regression equations that included the main effects of, and two-way interaction between, Surgency and
Effortful Control. Children with better Effortful Control scores showed better reading skills. Surgency was unrelated to reading
skills, but moderated the effect of Effortful Control. The positive association between reading skills and Effortful Control
was present only for children who were low in Surgency. Thus, reading achievement in school-age children is optimized by strong
Effortful Control, but these processes may be disrupted for those children who are high in Surgency. 相似文献
66.
Research has shown that educational games can have positive impacts on student learning and motivation. The success of a game played in a library instruction class depends on the type of game selected, the development of learning outcomes, and the flexibility of the librarian during class. This article explains the benefits to students and librarians of using games, discusses the development and use of a Jeopardy-style game, and provides practical tips for librarians interested in developing and incorporating games into one-time library instruction sessions. 相似文献
67.
Amy B. Adcock Molly H. Duggan Ginger S. Watson Lee A. Belfore 《British journal of educational technology : journal of the Council for Educational Technology》2010,41(3):388-402
This paper describes an assessment of a web‐based interview simulation designed to teach empathetic helping skills. The system includes an animated character acting as a client and responses designed to recreate a simulated role‐play, a common assessment method used for teaching these skills. The purpose of this study was to determine whether learning gains found in previous evaluations would transfer to students needing similar skill sets but in different areas of study. Findings indicate a positive trend in learning gains across both areas of study (human services and counselling) with no significant differences in skill acquisition. Developers of the system conclude that the system is effective in the general training of empathetic helping skills regardless of the students' area of study. 相似文献
68.
Dongil Kim Eunyoung Koh Sora Jeong Kijyung Lee Boongnyun Kim Ienai Kim 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2011,12(4):581-591
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD) are the most commonly diagnosed childhood disorders,
and they frequently co-occur with each other. It has been found that students with comorbidity of ADHD and LD experience more
difficulties in school. Even though the research interests in the comorbidity of ADHD and LD are increasing, there are inconsistent
results in research studies and insufficient understanding of the comorbidity of ADHD and LD. This study attempts to grasp
the progress of the studies in the comorbidity of ADHD and LD in Korea and to suggest the future directions for following
research. A total of 90 studies published between 1987 and 2009 are examined. First, we analyze the studies that examined
the learning problems of ADHD and then identify the characteristics of the learning problems in ADHD group. Afterwards, we
investigate the studies that dealt with the attention problems of LD and then discuss the characteristics of the attention
problems in LD group. Third, we identify the differences between ADHD and LD and synthesize the research findings. Finally,
we analyze the studies conducted in conjunction with the comorbidity of ADHD and LD. On lightening the research of the comorbidity
on three aspects, we find the research trend in Korea and provide the implications for future studies on the comorbidity of
ADHD and LD. Furthermore, we suggest that it is important to identify comorbid conditions at the early stage, and it is necessary
to conduct multidisciplinary research and international comparison research. 相似文献
69.
70.
Anthony W. Blanchfield Tammy M. Lewis-Jones James R. Wignall James B. Roberts 《European Journal of Sport Science》2018,18(9):1177-1184
The effectiveness of a nap as a recovery strategy for endurance exercise is unknown and therefore the present study investigated the effect of napping on endurance exercise performance. Eleven trained male runners completed this randomised crossover study. On two occasions, runners completed treadmill running for 30?min at 75% ?O2max in the morning, returning that evening to run for 20?min at 60% ?O2max, and then to exhaustion at 90% ?O2max. On one trial, runners had an afternoon nap approximately 90?min before the evening exercise (NAP) whilst on the other, runners did not (CON). All runners napped (20?±?10?min), but time to exhaustion (TTE) was not improved in all runners (NAP 596?±?148?s vs. CON 589?±?216?s, P?=?.83). Runners that improved TTE after the nap slept less at night than those that did not improve TTE (night-time sleep 6.4?±?0.7?h vs. 7.5?±?0.4?h, P?.01). Furthermore, night-time sleep predicted change in TTE, indicating that runners sleeping least at night improved TTE the most after the nap compared to CON (r2 ? =??0.76, P?=?.001). In runners that improved TTE, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were lower during the TTE on NAP than CON compared to runners that did not improve (?0.4?±?0.6 vs. 0?±?0, P?=?.05). Reduced exercising sense of effort (RPE) may account for the improved TTE after the nap. In conclusion, a short afternoon nap improves endurance performance in runners that obtain less than 7?h night-time sleep. 相似文献