Cultural and organisational issues facing online learning communities of teachers

Collegial sharing and reflection about practice has been widely suggested as an effective form of teacher professional learning. Information and communications technology (ICT) has the potential to foster this professional learning through online community environments. Whilst the potential of self-sustaining online teacher communities to support professional learning through reflective sharing of practice is recognised, the journey to realising this potential is not straightforward. This paper identifies two key aspects of school culture that are acting as barriers on the journey—schools do not adequately value collegial reflective sharing of practice, and classroom teachers do not use online communications tools as an integral part of their professional practices. The paper suggests a framework for maximising participation in online teacher communities.     

Computer science in K-12 school curricula of the 2lst century: Why,what and when?

In this paper we have examined the position and roles of Computer Science in curricula in the light of recent calls for curriculum change and we have proposed principles and issues to consider in curriculum design as well as identifying priority areas for further research. The paper is based on discussions within and beyond the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Education Community since 2012 as well as an analysis of curriculum developments in five different countries. Emerging themes have been discussed with reference to important perspectives from curriculum theory including “powerful knowledge” as a key element of entitlement and management of the growth of expertise. Based on this analysis we have identified areas of consensus as well as constraints, risks and issues that are still subject to controversy. There is an emerging consensus of the importance of Computer Science and the nature of its “powerful knowledge”. Furthermore current understanding of the opportunities and benefits for starting to learn Computer Science early in primary schools has identified this early start as an entitlement and equity issue. There is a strong consensus that teacher professional development in Computer Science Education is critical for supporting curriculum change and is currently a major challenge in many countries. Other key issues include understanding how the growth of expertise affects potential structure and sequencing in the curriculum and the balance of content. Further considerations include how new technological opportunities interact with pedagogical approaches and can provide new potential for the growth of expertise.     

Sexually dimorphic extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats

The existence of a sexual dimorphism in the extinction of conditioned taste aversions in both fluid-deprived and nondeprived rats was investigated. When nondeprived rats were poisoned with LiCl after consuming a sucrose solution, males extinguished the subsequent conditioned taste aversion more slowly than females. There was no difference in the rate of extinction of a LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion in fluid-deprived rats. Using marihuana extract distillate as the toxin, it was shown that the dimorphism found in the nondeprived rats is not a toxin-specific effect, and does not appear to be due to the males being made more ill. Possible explanations for the appearance of the dimorphism and its relation to the deprivational state of the organism are discussed.     

The Identification and Assessment of Young Children with Movement Difficulties Identification et e´valuation des jeunes souffrant de difficulte´s d'ordre moteur La Identificación y Evaluación de Niños de Preescolar con Problemas de Movimento

The period from two to seven years is generally recognised as a time of acquisition of a large repertoire of fundamental movement skills. However, some children arrive at school lacking in the movement skills necessary to cope with the demands of the school environment. For some, this could be a direct result of lack of experience, while for others it could be a far more complex problem with potential long-term consequences. As a first step to intervene with children showing movement skill problems, accurate assessment is crucial. The current study aims to produce a checklist which accurately identifies and assesses children with movement difficulties in a valid and reliable manner, such that appropriate intervention strategies can be applied. The collection of data involved checklists being completed by teachers for 420 three- to five-year-old children. Analysis showed that the checklist identifies movement difficulties in this age group and significant differences were found between children who display movement difficulties and those who do not. Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability were very strong, and both were found to be highly significant. A validity study focusing on the predictive validity confirmed the usefulness of the checklist. En générale on considère l'âge de 2 à 7 ans comme le période quand l'enfant acquérit un grand repertoire des capacités fondamentales du mouvement. Néanmoins, il y en a qui arrive au collège manquant des capacités fondamentales nécessaires pour faire face aux exigences de l'ambience scolaire. Pour quelques enfants cela pourrait être le résultat direct de la faute d'expérience, pendant que pour des autres il pourrait provenir d'un problème beaucoup plus difficile avec des conséquences à la longue. Comme première mesure d'intervention dans les cas des enfants qui démontrent des problèmes dans la capacité du mouvement il est nécessaire d'arriver àune évaluation réussie. L'objectif de cette etude est la réalisation d'une liste de contrôle qui identifiera et qui évaluaera d'une fac¸on valable et sûre les enfants avec les difficultés du mouvement, pour que les stratégies d'intervention les plus appropriées soient appliquées. La compilation des données provient des listes de contrôle remplies par des professeurs pour 420 enfants entre les âges de 3 et 5 ans. L'analyse a vérifié que la liste de contrôle peût identifier les difficultés dans la capacité du mouvement dans le cas des enfants dans cette tranche d'âge, et on a constaté aussi des différences significatives entre les enfants qui montrent des difficulties dans le mouvement et ceux qui ne les montrent pas. Les accords inter-observateur et la fidélité épreuve test-retest étaient très forts et les deux étaient très importants. Une étude de fidelité qui a considéré la validité de prédiction a vérifié l'utilité de la liste de contrôle. Generalmente se consideran las edades de 2 a 7 años como el período cuando el niño adquiere un gran repertorio de habilidades fundamentales de movimiento. Sin embargo, algunos niños llegan al colegio careciendo de las habilidades de movimiento necesarias para enfrentarse a las demandas del ambiente escolar. Para algunos esto podría ser el resultado directo de la falta de experiencia, mientras para otros podría radicar en un problema mucho más complejo con posibles consecuencias a largo plazo. Como primer paso de intervención en el caso de niños que demuestran problemas con la habilidad de movimiento, es preciso realizar una evaluación acertada. El objetivo del estudio actual es la producción de una lista de control que identificará y evaluará de una manera válida y fidedigna a los niños con dificultades de movimiento, con el fin de aplicar las estrategias de intervención más apropiadas. La recopilación de datos se fundamentó en las listas de control completadas por profesores para 420 ninós entre las edades de 3 y 5 años. El analisis comprobó que la lista de control identifica las dificultades de habilidad de movimiento en este grupo etario, y también fueron encontradas marcadas diferencias entre los niños que sí demuestran estas dificultades y los que no lo hacen. La fiabilidad inter-observador y la fiabilidad test-retest fueron muy sólidas y los dos resulatron ser muy significativos. Un estudio de validez enfocándose en la validez pronosticadora confirmó la utilidad de esta lista de control.     

Shirt sponsorship by gambling companies in the English and Scottish Premier Leagues: global reach and public health concerns

While the nature of gambling practices is contested, a strong evidence base demonstrates that gambling can become a serious disorder and have a range of detrimental effects for individuals, communities and societies. Over the last decade, football in the UK has become visibly entwined with gambling marketing. To explore this apparent trend, we tracked shirt sponsors in both the English and Scottish Premier Leagues since 1992 and found a pronounced increase in the presence of sponsorship by gambling companies. This increase occurred at the same time the Gambling Act 2005, which liberalized rules, was introduced. We argue that current levels of gambling sponsorship in UK football, and the global visibility it provides to gambling brands, is a public health concern that needs to be debated and addressed. We recommend that legislators revisit the relationship between football in the UK and the sponsorship it receives from the gambling industry.     

Enhancing Family Learning Through Exhibits

Can enhanced exhibits produce measurable increases in active family learning? Four Philadelphia area science institutions—The Franklin Institute Science Museum, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the New Jersey State Aquarium at Camden, and the Philadelphia Zoo—have investigated the answer to this question as part of the PISEC (Philadelphia-Camden Informal Science Education Collaborative) Family Learning Project. PISEC is conducting research and exhibit development aimed at increasing the understanding of family learning in science museums and identifying the characteristics of successful family learning exhibits. The PISEC project is organized into three phases: (1) a research study to establish behavioral indicators for family science learning (Borun et al., 1996); (2) the development and evaluation of four exhibit enhancements aimed at achieving family science learning goals (Borun and Dritsas, 1997); (3) a research study comparing the frequency of learning behaviors for treatment families that have used enhanced test exhibits to control-group families that have used only the test exhibits. The results of the first two phases of this project have been discussed previously. This article describes the research study conducted during Phase 3 of the project. Results of the study show that all four modified exhibits produced significant increases in performance indicators. Using seven characteristics of successful family exhibits—multi-sided, multi-user, accessible, multi-outcome, multi-modal, readable, and relevant—as a guide to exhibit development proved to be an effective strategy for increasing active family learning.