A Grounded Theory of Counselor Educators' Academic Leadership Development

Counselor educators are well‐equipped to serve as academic leaders, yet little is known about what factors influence their engagement experiences. This grounded theory provides a theoretical model of academic leadership engagement based on interviews with 20 counselor educators with academic leadership experience. Implications for facilitating academic leadership engagement are provided.     

Random Permutation Testing Applied to Measurement Invariance Testing with Ordered-Categorical Indicators

We describe and evaluate a random permutation test of measurement invariance with ordered-categorical data. To calculate a p-value for the observed (?)χ², an empirical reference distribution is built by repeatedly shuffling the grouping variable, then saving the χ² from a configural model, or the ?χ² between configural and scalar-invariance models, fitted to each permuted dataset. The current gold standard in this context is a robust mean- and variance-adjusted ?χ² test proposed by Satorra (2000), which yields inflated Type I errors, particularly when thresholds are asymmetric, unless samples sizes are quite large (Bandalos, 2014; Sass et al., 2014). In a Monte Carlo simulation, we compare permutation to three implementations of Satorra’s robust χ² across a variety of conditions evaluating configural and scalar invariance. Results suggest permutation can better control Type I error rates while providing comparable power under conditions that the standard robust test yields inflated errors.     

The Relationship Between Counselors’ Multicultural Counseling Competence and Poverty Beliefs

The authors explored the relationship between counselors’ multicultural counseling competence (MCC), poverty beliefs, and select demographic factors. Results of hierarchical linear regressions indicate that MCC is predictive of counselor individualistic and structural poverty beliefs. Implications for counselor multicultural training and immersion and future research directions are included.     

SENIOR STUDENTS: HIGHER EDUCATION AFTER AGE 62

This paper reports on a survey of 424 persons aged 62 and over, who were interviewed in an area probability sample of Wichita, Kansas. Research on educational needs and interests was part of a multi‐disciplinary study of health care, transportation, nutrition, household help, and life satisfaction of aged people in a midwestern city. Findings about general interest in higher education, interest in specific courses, and stated reasons for present or anticipated nonparticipation are reviewed. A minority of interviewees expressed interest in pursuing higher education, particularly in a broad range of liberal arts courses. Those interested in higher education are contrasted with those who were not with respect to perceptions of (1) dollar costs, (2) availability of information, (3) feeling out of place in the classroom, and (4) time costs.     

Counselor Education and Supervision Golden Anniversary Publication Pattern Review: Author and Article Characteristics From 1985 to 2009

Patterns of articles accepted for publication in Counselor Education and Supervision from the past 25 years were reviewed in this meta‐study. Results were described and statistically analyzed to identify trends over time in author characteristics (sex, institutional classifications, employment setting, domicile) and article characteristics (article type, research design, sample, sample size, types of participants, and statistical procedures and sophistication).     

The Influence of Supervisor Multicultural Competence on the Supervisory Working Alliance,Supervisee Counseling Self‐Efficacy,and Supervisee Satisfaction With Supervision: A Mediation Model

We developed and tested a mediation model depicting relationships among supervisor multicultural competence, the supervisory working alliance, supervisee counseling self‐efficacy, and supervisee satisfaction with supervision. Results of structural equation modeling showed that supervisor multicultural competence was related to the supervisory working alliance and that alliance, in turn, was related to supervisee satisfaction with supervision.     

Community-oriented medical education

Community-orientated medicine is a topical area for debate in the current discussions about medical education, but it can be agued that medical education has always been in the community because medical practice is located therein. It is widely accepted that community settings provide a wealth of learning opportunities for students and trainees and can help address some of the problems being experienced in the hospital settings in relation to the expansion of the sector. This paper seeks to offer a personal viewpoint on community and community-oriented medical education and then considers different models of community medical education and the resource implications for such approaches.