This paper presents a model that incorporates contemporary theories of tense and aspect and develops a new framework for extracting temporal relations between two sentence-internal events, given their tense, aspect, and a temporal connecting word relating the two events. A linguistic constraint on event combination has been implemented to detect incorrect parser analyses and potentially apply syntactic reanalysis or semantic reinterpretation—in preparation for subsequent processing for multi-document summarization. An important contribution of this work is the extension of two different existing theoretical frameworks—Hornstein’s 1990 theory of tense analysis and Allen’s 1984 theory on event ordering—and the combination of both into a unified system for representing and constraining combinations of different event types (points, closed intervals, and open-ended intervals). We show that our theoretical results have been verified in a large-scale corpus analysis. The framework is designed to inform a temporally motivated sentence-ordering module in an implemented multi-document summarization system. 相似文献
The growing number of students who are culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) relative to the host university undertaking fieldwork placements raises questions about how to best support their needs and the needs of their fieldwork supervisors so as to maximize the experience for both parties. This research aims to quantify and compare fieldwork supervisors’ perceptions of CALD versus non-CALD students’ performance during placements, the areas and levels of concern they experience in providing this supervision. Placement supervisors from health and non-health courses affiliated with an Australian University were randomly assigned to a survey containing question sets relating to their experiences in supervising CALD (n = 153) or non-CALD students (n = 168). The survey comprised Likert scale questions assessing “pressure points” to supervision and open-ended questions including strategies fieldwork supervisors typically used to assist students. Using univariate ordinal logistic regression analyses, “speaking” (coefficient, 95% CI 2.1 (1.56, 2.65)), “writing” in English (1.69 (1.17, 2.20)), and “adapting to culture of workplaces” (1.20 (0.71, 1.69)) were perceived by placement supervisors as the top “pressure points” in supervising CALD students. Interaction effects demonstrated that “difficulties in assessing CALD students’ competency” (coefficient, 95% CI?1.14 (?2.27, ?0.01), “feeling competent in supervising students for placements” (1.35 (0.26, 2.45)), and the “perception of lack of support” from either the university or employing organization (?1.70 (?2.83, ? 0.56)) were evident within fieldwork placement of health courses only. These results can assist universities and placement organizations to prioritize resources to address the key areas affecting CALD students’ performance on placements, and to improve supervisors’ experience in supervising CALD students on placements in health courses.
Although criticism of the competence‐based education (CBE) strategy which underpins National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) has grown in recent years, this still receives considerably less emphasis than the general approval and public endorsement of the National Council for Vocational Qualifications (NCVQ) framework at all levels of the system. An aspect of the implementation of NVQs which merits closer attention is the apparent mismatch between the behaviourist‐inspired NVQ system and the dominant modes of learning and teaching in post‐school education derived from the experiential tradition. This relationship is explored in theoretical terms, by examining the concept of CBE against the background of experiential learning theory, and also in terms of empirical research in the field, including an on‐going Warwick University study of the implementation of NVQs in local FE colleges in the areas of catering, business studies and hairdressing. It is suggested that, in spite of the fact that many FE lecturers have managed to accommodate competence outcomes within their preferred approaches to learning, the tensions are such that an exclusive concern with performance outcomes must inevitably thwart and frustrate the objectives and project of experiential learning. The NVQ framework is ill‐equipped to provide the necessary foundation for post‐16 curriculum reform along the lines currently being proposed by almost all relevant agencies. The recently introduced general NVQs (GNVQs), however, can be seen as a means of remedying some of the key problems of NVQs and may help to establish a more solid basis for the desired reforms in vocational education and training. 相似文献
Contemporary health education and promotion programmes are criticised for their confused and equivocal value positions. Where any recognisably distinct moral stance is discernible in current approaches, this is typically supported by an appeal to some form of individualistic ethics which has its roots in the traditional medical model of health and illness. It is argued that value‐neutral and information based strategies should be replaced by programmes with clearly articulated and rationally supported value foundations. The hidden curriculum of individualism in health education is attacked on the grounds that it fails to acknowledge the structural inequalities in society which effectively determine the health of individuals. In its place a social model of practice, incorporating an analysis of the socio‐economic determinants of health and illness, is recommended, and this is supported by appeals to utilitarian ethics and to social morality and justice. 相似文献
Pigeons chose between 50% and 100% reinforcement on a discrete-trials concurrent-chains procedure with fixed-ratio 1 initial links and fixed-time terminal links. The 100% alternative always provided food after a terminal-link delay, whereas the 50% alternative provided food or blackout equally often after a delay. Additionally, the terminal-link stimuli on the 50% alternative were correlated with the outcomes in signaled, but not in unsignaled, conditions. The effects of intertrial-interval duration and length of the terminal-link delays on choice of the 50% alternative were investigated in four experiments. Preference for the 50% alternative varied with signal condition and duration of the terminal link leading to food, but not with duration of either intertrial interval or the terminal link leading to a blackout. The results are discussed in terms of conditioned-reinforcement effects, Mazur’s hyperbolic-decay model, and delay reduction. This research was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada research grant awarded to the first author. 相似文献
Prompted by the notion of “Transfer Shock”, numerous studies examined academic performance of transfer students at senior
institutions. However, few studies are found that examine how the varying nature of semester GPAs impact subsequent persistence
behavior of transfer students after the initial drop in their college GPAs. Using an institutional data set, this study longitudinally
investigated departure behavior of transfer students at a senior institution. Particular attention was given to how entry
at different times and semester GPAs affected transfer student departure. Results indicate that during their first semester,
sophomore and junior transfer students were 73% less likely to depart than freshman transfer students. After controlling for
explanatory variables, higher semester GPAs were positively associated with higher persistence rates throughout the observation
period.