Adolescent Stress and Management Strategies: Some Lessons for Schooling and Society

The research discussed in the present paper, set out to find how a sample of Singaporean adolescents perceived and managed different sources of stress. The sample totalled 212 pre-university students with equal numbers of boys and girls, and a mean age of 17 years 5 months. The students attended a number of junior colleges in the republic, with the sample ethnicity reflecting national proportions. Measures of stress included Behaviour Profile, Life Events, School Stress Factors, Home-School Stress Conditions and Stress Symptoms. All measures were administered as questionnaires.

The results showed that several features of Type A behaviour emerged and that school examinations, job aspirations, school work and homework were the principal stressors. Fear of the unexpected, exhaustion and lack of concentration were the most quoted stress symptoms. Science students appeared to be more stressed than arts students.

Among the main management strategies employed by these adolescents at home, were listening to music, reading and exercise, while stress in school was managed through self control, self-sufficiency and sharing problems with peers. In the main, most students seemed to be able to cope by adapting to stressful situations as they arose at a particular time.

Some of the more important implications of the above findings are discussed in the context of schooling in Singapore and in the wider context of society.     

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Journals indexed by the AHA Resource Center for Hospital Literature Index and HEALTH database

The American Hospital Association (AHA) Resource Center indexes journals for the Health Planning and Administration (HEALTH) database and Hospital Literature Index (HLI). These journals, designated special list health journals, are selected to provide access to a wide and balanced coverage of hospital and health care administration and health policy literature. This article provides background information on HEALTH and HLI and describes special list health journals in detail (including historical information, information sources, and broad subject divisions). It also discusses AHA policies relating to journal and article selection and current subject distribution of special list health journals.     

Knowledge bases in medicine: a review

Efforts to represent knowledge effectively have been central to progress in various aspects of medical informatics. These efforts range from relatively simple "electronic textbooks" to fairly sophisticated knowledge-based systems, which function as well as, or even better than, human experts faced with similar problems. Knowledge bases have been developed in many fields, but the relatively limited domains and structured language of medicine, as well as the importance of information in the provision of good medical care, have made research in medical knowledge representation an area of intense activity. This paper reviews representative knowledge bases and knowledge-based systems in medicine: electronic textbooks such as PDQ and the Hepatitis Knowledge Base (HKB), rule-based systems such as MYCIN, causal models (e.g., CASNET), and hypothesis- or frame-based systems, exemplified by PIP and INTERNIST-1. The paper describes the relationships among divergent approaches and provides a sense of current and future trends. It examines problems in knowledge-based systems, particularly in knowledge representation and acquisition, and the responses to these challenges. The latter include the use of domain-independent software shells for constructing knowledge bases, the adaptation and use of previously existing knowledge bases, and multiple uses of the same knowledge base for different purposes.     

Serials standards work: the next frontier

Serials, one of the more complicated areas of library technical endeavors, has lacked the benefit of standards for a long time. Even now, with standards beginning to be available, the majority of institutions are not working within standard serials formats. A survey to determine the use of serials standards in libraries was conducted in 1988 by the American Library Association, Resources and Technical Services Division, Serials Section, Committee to Study Serials Standards. In the spring of 1988 a survey was sent to a group encompassing the Association of Research Libraries members, CONSER participants, United States Newspaper Program participants, Microform Project libraries, and some vendors and librarians who attended the Committee meetings on a regular basis. The survey questionnaire assessed the current level of serials standards awareness of librarians and vendors. Topics included the type of serials systems used, standards relevant to serials control and union listing and whether or not they are implemented, types and levels of training staff received in the application of standards, benefits of the standards, and areas where standards are most needed.