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221.
This study examines the contributions of temperamentally and nontemperamentally based emotional reactions to the organization of social interactive behavior within the Strange Situation to better understand the emotional underpinnings of attachment system functioning. At 12 1/2 and 19 1/2 months, temperamental fear (assessed via maternal report) was related to independent per-episode dimensions of social interactive and distress behavior. Fear was moderately correlated with both distress and interactive dimensions at each age. Path-analytic models revealed that temperamental fear had direct effects on interactive behavior and also indirect effects mediated by preceding distress reactions. However, residualized measures of "context-specific" distress (with temperamental variance removed) were still highly consistent across Strange Situation episodes and also significantly predicted subsequent social interactive behavior; furthermore, stable distress reactions from 12 1/2 to 19 1/2 months significantly predicted concurrent stability in social interactive behavior. We discuss likely sources of "context-specific" emotional influences on Strange Situation behavior and also age-related differences in these findings. 相似文献
222.
Two experiments attempted to establish vicious-circle behavior through fear motivation combined with secondary punishment. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with two CSs, a tone and a buzzer, paired with shock in different contexts. Secondary punishment based on delay and trace conditioning procedures facilitated running in fear-motivated rats, relative to four control groups. In Experiment 2, rats were given pairings of a tone CS with shock, and a buzzer CS with a drop into a water tank. Fear-motivated rats which received secondary punishment during either 33% or 100% of test trials exhibited self-punitive running relative to a nonpunished (0%) group and a backward-conditioning control group. Results indicate that “all secondary” vicious-circle behavior can be established through Pavlovian conditioning, thus supporting a conditioned fear interpretation. 相似文献
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R V Skuja 《Asia Pacific Journal of Education》1985,7(1):56-63
This study analyses a corpus of argumentative compositions in order to isolate the features of organization pertinent to this genre of writing. A further aim is to compare compositions written by “A” level students and English teachers in order to highlight specific shortcomings of the former. Despite using more cohesive devices and an overabundance of lexical repetition, student writing is less coherent. This is largely because of a lack of global links (between paragraphs), and an inability to properly utilize given information in structuring non-narrative writing. Finally, student writing suffers from presentation of content at the expense of discussion of issue and weighing of views. 相似文献
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Shahrukh R. Khan 《Higher Education》1991,21(2):207-222
A recent shift in the allocation of public expenditure towards higher education prompts several questions: Is this allocation economically justified? Are these resources well utilized? Is there significant cost recovery of these expenditures? If not, who benefits from the subsidy these expenditures represent? Are there alternative means of financing higher education? This paper attempts to provide answers to these questions, which can be briefly summarized as follows: Estimates of social rates of returns do not support the reallocation of public expenditures away from primary towards higher education; low retention rates and high failure rates suggest that the internal efficiency in the utilization of these expenditures is low; currently, almost all public expenditures on higher education represent a subsidy; given the tax burden and enrollment ratios by income group, the lower income groups seem to be gaining most from these subsidies; a start has been made at private sector higher education with the opening of two professional universities, but the prospects of general universities currently opening appears to be dim. Pakistan has a well designed loan program in operation although its quantitative impact is currently limited. 相似文献
230.
John P. Liefeld Thomas F. Herrmann 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》1990,38(2):19-25
Mastery learning, it is claimed, is among the most successful practices in higher education. Evidence supporting this claim
has recently been criticized as empirically weak. This experiment employed a four-group, pre-post design to examine the learning
consequences of a computer-administered mastery-testing approach in comparison with a seminar-discussion approach in a third-year
university course. The mastery-testing approach generated significantly higher learning achievement than did the seminar-discussion
approach. Replication and extension of this research approach are recommended to support generalizations across mastery-testing
techniques, delivery systems, and disciplines. 相似文献