Some aspects of research on learning and cognitive development in Europe 1

A model of human learning processes is presented, wherein learning is conceived as a qualitative development of the structure of the learner's actions. As an illustration of this conception a concise outline of Gal'perin's theory of learning is given. In connection with the relation between cognitive development and learning some Russian research is reviewed, which provides evidence for the standpoint that cognitive development can be strongly stimulated by appropriate learning and instruction. Finally an analysis is presented of structures of action, which represent important objectives of learning to think.     

Mechanical factors associated with the development of high ball velocity during an instep soccer kick

The purpose of this study was to determine whether joint velocities and segmental angular velocities are significantly correlated with ball velocity during an instep soccer kick. We developed a deterministic model that related ball velocity to kicking leg and pelvis motion from the initiation of downswing until impact. Three-dimensional videography was used to collect data from 16 experienced male soccer players (age = 24.8 ± 5.5 years; height = 1.80 ± 0.07 m; mass = 76.73 ± 8.31 kg) while kicking a stationary soccer ball into a goal 12 m away with their right foot with maximal effort. We found that impact velocities of the foot center of mass (CM), the impact velocity of the foot CM relative to the knee, peak velocity of the knee relative to the hip, and the peak angular thigh velocity were significantly correlated with ball velocity. These data suggest that linear and angular velocities at and prior to impact are critical to developing high ball velocity. Since events prior to impact are critical for kick success, coordination and summation of speeds throughout the kicking motion are important factors. Segmental coordination that occurs during a maximal effort kick is critical for completing a successful kick.     

组织文化的影响和传播机制研究述评

近二十多年来,管理出现了软化的趋势,组织文化在管理中的重要性日益提高。文章主要从个体层面对组织文化的影响和传播机制研究进行了简要综述,并从理论和方法两个方面,针对已有研究的不足,对进一步的研究方向提出了构想和建议。     

语言艺术在体育教学中运用的探讨

文章采用文献资料及教学实践等研究方法,从体育教学中导语的运用、教学语言的运用、讲解语言的运用、指导性语言的运用、单字讲解的运用等几方面对语言艺术在体育教学中的运用进行了探讨,认为:语言艺术在体育教学中的合理运用,有利于提高教学质量,能够更好地为学生的基础教育、素质教育服务.体育教师通过不懈的学习和努力,能够在教学实践中逐步形成自己独特的教学艺术风格.     

国外别居制度比较——兼谈我国应设立别居制度

别居又称分居 ,是一种不同于夫妻因偶尔不和而暂时分居的法律行为。它产生于欧洲中世纪基督教的教会法 ,至今仍存在。国外各主要国家都规定了别居制度 ,并对缓和夫妻矛盾 ,降低离婚率起了非常重要的作用。我国建国以来的 1950年和 1980年两部婚姻法均未规定别居制度 ,但现实社会中别居现象大量存在。为了更好地规范别居这一法律行为 ,借鉴国外各主要国家别居制度 ,我国法律中应明确规定别居制度。     

Some Learning Problems Concerning the Use of Symbolic Language in Physics

This paper aims to draw the attention of teachers of basic university physics courses towards students' problems concerning the interpretation of the symbolic language used in the discipline. Specific difficulties found in the first course of physics, related to different kinds of statements expressed in mathematical language, are pointed out and analysed, and some suggestions are made to cope with them during instruction. It could be concluded that teachers may need only to reflect and comment on the virtues of making explicit the semantic and syntactic aspects of formal languages as they teach physics.