Peer teaching: Academic achievement of teacher-led versus student-led discussion groups

Problem-based small-group discussions are the cornerstone of health sciences education at the University of Limburg (The Netherlands). In each of three courses, fifteen discussion groups of about eight students were randomly assigned a staff-tutor (control condition) or student-tutor (experimental condition).In two of the courses no significant differences in cognitive test achievement between the two conditions were found. In one course students tutored by staff-tutors performed significantly better than students tutored by student-tutors. However, no significant differences in test performance were found between students tutored by high-achieving versus average-achieving student-tutors. These findings contradict the congruence hypothesis from information processing theory. Several other explanations are explored.     

短语的扩展形式及其层次的切分原则

短语教学是现代汉语语法教学的一个极其重要的组成部分，其中复杂短语的分析是短语教学中的一个难点。本着重介绍短语的四种扩展形式：延伸式、连环式、包孕式、递加式；并结合教学实践提出切分复杂短语层次的两条比较简明易行的原则，作为现代汉语语法教学内容的补充。     

Development and Challenges of the Credit Point System in Dutch Higher Education

This article will focus on the credit point system and especially on the Dutch system. In many countries such a system has a long history, but in others it is a relatively new phenomenon. In the first section, the objectives of credit point systems will be introduced. In the second section the emergence and characteristics of the credit point system in the Netherlands will be presented. In the third section, some results of student behaviour in the first year in Higher education will be shown for different groups of students, such as how many credit points on average they earned and how many hours per week on average they studied. The findings demonstrate how empirical results from student behaviour, combined with the norms of the credit point system, can be used to evaluate the accountability of the academic programmes. In the last section, some challenges for the use of credit point systems in the nearby future will be discussed. Recently, one can see a rapid change from the traditional ways of testing to the assessment of competencies of students and student portfolios.     

对话教学的模式与策略探析

与传统的灌输填鸭式教学相反 ,对话教学可使命题语言不断更新 ,符号系统重新建构。这一过程是在师生间心理机制的交互作用下 ,借助对话表征方式并依附于一定的理性模式而实现的。通过对对话教学心理机制的剖析 ,表征方式的阐述和关联要素的分析 ,可以建构对话教学的理性模式 ,设计对话教学的教学策略 ,在实践中突显对话教学的地位与成效     

Foreign language reading and spelling in gifted students with dyslexia in secondary education

A few studies suggest that gifted children with dyslexia have better literacy skills than averagely intelligent children with dyslexia. This finding aligns with the hypothesis that giftedness-related factors provide compensation for poor reading. The present study investigated whether, as in the native language (NL), the level of foreign language (FL) literacy of gifted students with dyslexia is higher than the literacy level of averagely intelligent students with dyslexia and whether this difference can be accounted for by the difference in their NL literacy level. The sample consisted of 148 Dutch native speaking secondary school students divided in four groups: dyslexia, gifted/dyslexia, typically developing (TD), and gifted. All students were assessed on word reading and orthographic knowledge in Dutch and English when they were in 7th or 8th grade. A subsample (n = 71) was (re)assessed on Dutch, English, French, and German literacy one year later. Results showed that Dutch gifted students with dyslexia have higher NL literacy levels than averagely intelligent students with dyslexia. As in the NL, a stepwise pattern of group differences was found for English word reading and spelling, i.e., dyslexia < gifted/dyslexia < TD < gifted. However, it was not found for French and German literacy performance. These results point towards compensation: the higher English literacy levels of gifted/dyslexic students compared to their averagely intelligent dyslexic peers result from mechanisms that are unique to English as a FL. Differences in results between FLs are discussed in terms of variation in orthographic transparency and exposure.     

微波反应腔中电磁场分布与等离子体行为研究

从麦克斯韦方程组出发，采用有限积分法计算出了微波反应腔中给定等离子体的空间分布时电磁场的分布情况，以及给定电磁场的空间分布时等离子体的分布情况，从而得到了微波反应腔中电磁场的稳定分布和影响等离子体放电位置的参数。     

谵语与对话--巴赫金对话诗学窥隐

巴赫金的对话理论来源于陀思妥耶夫基小说的复调性、对话性，不过却否认与疯癫之间的联系，显然是不符合文本事实的。因为第一，巴赫金恰恰是在陀氏的而非其他作家的作品中发现了“对话”的，而疯癫却正是陀氏小说明显的特征；第二，实际上，巴氏所举的“对话”例子，从形式上看并不是“对话”而是某种“拷问”，从内容上看，更象精神分裂病患者的谵语。据此，可以说明“对话”与“疯癫”之间的联系并由此角度审视“对话”的价值。     

Children's perseverative appearance-reality errors are related to emerging language skills

Two experiments explored the communicative bases of preschoolers' object appearance-reality (AR) errors. In Experiment 1, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 36) completed the AR test (with high- and low-deceptive objects), a control test with the same discourse structure but nondeceptive stimuli, and stimulus naming and memory tests. AR performance correlated positively with control (discourse) and naming test performance. Object deceptiveness had little effect. In Experiment 2, 3- and 4-year-olds (N = 64) completed AR tests that experimentally varied question phrasing and use of exemplar objects. Children also completed memory, vocabulary, and control tests (of verbal perseveration). AR performance variance was predicted by a composite perseveration score from three non-AR tasks, vocabulary, and exemplars. The results indicate that the discourse structure of the AR test elicits a perseverative tendency that is mediated by children's verbal knowledge.     

日本基于新学力观和生存能力观的教材观

新学力观和培养生存能力是20世纪80年代末以来日本在深化教育改革中相继提出的新的教育目的观。在其指导下，日本有关学者对适应问题解决式学习、体验性学习，主体性学习的教材观展开了种种探讨，其中比较有代表性的是加藤幸次的“培养自学能力的学材”、和儿岛邦宏的“推进主体性学习的教材”等观点。