Exploring the effects of training facilitators of dementia-family support programs

Dementia patients have various caregiving needs, which can be serious sources of stress for their families. The increasing numbers of dementia patients and their families mean that new interventions are required to help families provide these complex caregiving needs. Facilitators of dementia-family support programs struggle to provide various health and social services while facing diverse challenges when running these programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the self-efficacy, competence, and target complaints when operating a dementia-family support program among facilitators who had participated in a facilitator training program. The study had a one-group pretest and posttest design, and data from 32 facilitators at 28 community dementia centers were analyzed. We used a self-reported questionnaire to collect quantitative and qualitative data before and after participating in the training program. The self-efficacy and competence of the facilitators increased after participating in the training program and operating their own dementia-family support program. Target complaints that represented challenges to operating a dementia-family support program were divided into five categories, and most of them decreased at the posttest. This study has demonstrated the advantages of providing a training program to facilitators, which resulted in improvements in self-efficacy, competence, and difficulties when they were operating a dementia-family support program.     

Construct and Predictive Validity of the CORE Phonics Survey: A Diagnostic Assessment for Students with Specific Learning Disabilities

The factor structure of the CORE Phonics Survey was analyzed using a sample of 165 students in upper elementary school with specific learning disabilities. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify the hypothesized constructs of the CORE Phonics Survey and predictive validity of the CORE Phonics Survey to predict students' success in word level reading and oral reading fluency one year later. The results of the analyses indicated the two-factor model representing two latent variables, alphabetic knowledge and decoding skills, provided the most appropriate fit to the given data, indicating that the hypothesized two factors of the CORE Phonics Survey demonstrate construct validity. The two constructs of CORE Phonics Survey significantly predicted students' fluency and decoding abilities as measured by norm-referenced assessments one year later. The practical implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.     

Martial Arts and Ideology of Hwarang,the Ancient Korean Warrior

Abstract

From 37 BC to 676 AD, an era called the period of the Three States, ancient Korea was divided into Koguryo, Baekje and Shilla. Among these states, Shilla was the one that terminated the period and founded a single united nation. At the background of this unification, there were the prominent activities of Hwarang, an elite warrior group. The purpose of this study is to verify the characteristics of Hwarang’s martial arts and the ideological background that provided the foundation for the unification. Hwarang members usually ascended mountains or entered caves alone to hone their skills or were taught by senior Hwarang members and experts. Moreover, considering that the members of this group included monks, it is surmized that the monks supported the group as they practised their martial arts. National loyalty was regarded as the ultimate virtue. Due to the influence from Buddhism, Hwarang evolved into a loyal association where the members dedicated their lives to the nation. After many years, this ideology is currently receiving a great deal of attention and it is being used in a variety of educational fields. The ideological characteristics of Hwarang are part of Korea's cultural heritage and deserve academic attention.     

Developmental changes in the relationship between magnitude acuities and mathematical achievement in elementary school children

The present study examined the developmental change in number and length acuities and their respective relationship with achievement in various domains of mathematics in second vs. fourth graders. Length acuity was measured with a comparison task, in which participants were asked to choose the longer between a pair of lines. Number acuity was measured with a comparison task, in which the participants were asked to choose the more numerous between a pair of dot arrays. Within each grade, length acuity was more precise compared to number acuity. Number acuity was higher in fourth compared to second grade, but length acuity did not differ between grades manifesting a ceiling effect. In second grade, only length acuity was correlated with overall math achievement, especially Geometry and Arithmetic. In fourth grade, only number acuity was correlated with overall mathematical achievement, especially Number Concept and Applied Problems. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that the relationship between magnitude acuities and math achievement dynamically change over the course of elementary school years and that the strength of this relationship may depend on the type of magnitude and the domain of mathematics.     

English-medium teaching in Korean higher education: policy debates and reality

This study critically examined the effectiveness of English medium instruction (EMI) policy within the context of Korean higher education, putting a special focus on its implementation strategy. The data for this study were mainly drawn from student opinion surveys and focus group interviews conducted by the CTL (Center for Teaching and Learning) at KU. The research teams also carried out supplementary interviews with both professors and students. The results indicate that, although the EMI policy seems to have produced, in general, positive outcomes (i.e., with the overall satisfaction level with EMI or its overall effectiveness in improving students’ English proficiency), the compulsory enforcement of EMI without regard to students’/instructors’ language proficiency, the lack of a much-needed support system and appropriate instructors to conduct EMI classes, and the unilateral implementation of EMI across academic disciplines have brought about a number of side effects. Based on these findings, the study recommends for future EMI policy implementation (1) a more flexible approach, considering students’ language proficiency and career plans and the characteristics of various academic disciplines and (2) more thorough preparation to implement the EMI policy (i.e., examination of the human and financial resources available for the institution concerned).     

A typology of undergraduate students' conceptions of size and scale: Identifying and characterizing conceptual variation

The importance of “size and scale” in nanoscience and engineering has been recognized by both scientists and science educators. A solid understanding of this concept is key to the learning of nanoscience. Students, however, have been reported to have considerable difficulty grasping this concept; yet little is known regarding their state of understanding. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a series of studies that were aimed at exploring the different ways students conceive of “size and scale” in the context of undergraduate nanoscience and engineering courses. Informed by Variation Theory of Learning (Marton and Booth, 1997), we identified four major categories (with two sub‐categories within each) of student conception—fragmented, linear, proportional, and logarithmic. These conception categories, together with the aspects of variation that characterize and distinguish them, are summarized in a typology. In addition to serving as a diagnostic tool to describe students' understanding, this typology can also be used to guide the development of instructional interventions that facilitate students to move toward a more sophisticated understanding of “size and scale.” © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 512–533, 2011     

Returning to school for higher returns

On the basis of those respondents in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) who change jobs with an intervening period of education reinvestment, the conventional assumption of linearity of log wages in years of schooling is strongly rejected: a typical reinvestment for the 1980 through 1993 period is associated with a rise of about 3.5 percentage points in the estimated return to an additional year of schooling. The estimated marginal rate of return generally rises in the former education level, and reaches the maximum at 15 years of the former level (therefore 16 years of education after reinvestment), where an additional year of investment is associated with a rise in real hourly rate of pay by approximately 20%. Evidence also shows that, while the level of individuals’ risk tolerance affects significantly the probability of returning to school, correcting for sample selectivity makes little difference in the results. Findings in the current paper survive a variety of robustness tests. The current cohort-based evidence is more helpful than existing evidence from cross-sectional data to individuals making schooling decisions.