The physics of brass wind instruments

The design of musical instruments owes more to art than to science and assessment of their quality is essentially subjective. Nevertheless, the physical principles of their operation are very interesting and may be of practical importance. This article reviews the acoustics of brass wind instruments, regarding the player and his instrument as an entity, and compares experimental and theoretical results.     

New projects in particle physics

Recent results in the field of particle physics raise many questions on the elementary constituents of matter and their interactions. These cannot be answered, nor the latest theoretical predictions verified, without accelerators operating at higher energies. Pending world-wide collaboration for the construction of a gigantic accelerator, individual nations are engaged in an increasingly competitive race to construct such machines. The author describes the main assemblies under construction or currently planned in Western Europe, the USA and the USSR, and discusses the technical, financial, political, and, by no means least, human problems involved.     

Structural aspects of controllability and observability—I. tensorial aggregation

The classical criteria for controllability and observability are given a tensorial formulation which is then extended into Boolean form directly related to a digraph interpretation of system structure. This is examined in detail with particular reference to group theoretic aspects, invariant properties under transformation, the term rank test and the existence of zero eigenvalues.Within this framework the structural design concepts of potential controllability and observability are presented in generalised terms.     

Structural aspects of controllability and Sobservability—II. digraph decomposition

The graph theoretic aspects of controllability and observability are examined and related to the tensorial formulation of Part I of the paper. Particular emphasis is given to the significance of the system digraph decomposition and the relevance of this to certain system algebraic properties of interest in control theory.     

Three-axis platform simulation: Bond graph and Lagrangian approach

A bond graph model is derived for the geometric constraints of a three-axis flight table. Gimbal dynamics are easily added even in asymmetrical and unbalanced cases. A method is introduced to make the local dependent inertias computable. The bond graph compares favourably to the Lagrangian approach as to modelling effort and accessibility of intermediate variables as well as having computational advantages.     

The graph-theoretic field model—I. Modelling and formulations

The Graph-Theoretical Field Model provides a unifying approach for developing numerical models of field and continuum problems. The methodology examines the field problem from the first stages of conceptualization without recourse to the governing differential equations of the field problem; this is accomplished by deriving discrete statements of the physical laws which govern the field behaviour. There are generally three laws, and these are modelled by the “cutset equations”, the “circuit equations”, and the “terminal equations”. In order to establish these three sets of equations it is expedient first to spatially discretize the field in a manner similar to the finite difference method and then to associate a linear graph (denoted as the field graph) with the spatial discretization. The concept of “through” and “across” variables, which underlies the cutset and circuit equations respectively, enables one to define the graph in an unambiguous manner such that each “edge” of the graph identifies a pair of complementary variables. From a knowledge of the constitutive properties and the boundary conditions of the field it is possible to associate terminal equations with sets of edges. Since the resulting sets of equations represent the field equations, these equations provide the basis for a complete (but approximate) solution to the field or continuum problem. In fact, this system approach uses a two part model: one for the components and another for the interconnection pattern of the components which renders the formulation procedures totally independent of the solution procedure.This paper presents the theoretical basis of the model and several graph-theoretic formulations for steady-state problems. Examples from heat conduction and small- deformation elasticity are included.     

Radial localization of odors by human newborns.

To study sensitivity to radial location of an odor source, 20 human newborns, ranging from 16 to 130 hours of age, were presented with a small amount of ammonium hydroxide. The odor source was placed near the nose slightly to the left or right of midline, with its position randomized over repeated trails. Direction of headturn with respect to the odor location and diffuse motor activity were scored from the videotape recordings of the newborns' behavior. It was found that as a group, the newborns turned away from the odor source more frequently than they turned toward it. The tendency to turn away from the odor was stronger in infants who displayed less motor activity after the response. Newborns also exhibited a right bias in the direction of the head movements. It is concluded that a spatially appropriate avoidance response is present in the neonate and that the newborn is innately sensitive to the radial location of an odor.