Sport under the Nazis in Norway, 1940–45

Summary

The Nazis won the battle of Skarphedin after a long struggle with the anti‐Nazis, but did not succeed in gaining the support of the ordinary members of the club. They controlled the club activities from July 1941 till the end of the war, but very few competitions were arranged and very few members took part. The Nazisseemed to control the board, the athletics and the soccer group, but not theski group. The last mentioned group made their own report from the war and to some extent they took part in ‘illegal’ competitions that were not controlledby the Nazis. The reasons why Skarphedin was taken over by the Nazis should be seen in the light of Bø's geographical location in the heart of Telemark, the economic crisis of the smallholders, and the electoral pact between the Norwegian Nazi Party and Bygdefolkets Krisehjelp. In many ways Bø appears to have been a Nazi centre during most of the war years, even if the majority ofits inhabitants did not involve themselves actively on any of the fronts.     

Revolution at the Library Service Desk

ABSTRACT

This article will describe how a revolution in customer service provision beginning in 2002 has led to an evolution of library services. When the reference and circulation desks were merged to create a single service point, responsibilities were broadened, core competencies were developed, and staff members were cross trained. In 2005, an analysis of staffing and work patterns demonstrated a need to build upon the original model to better utilize staff and ensure coverage of the desk. Reference librarians were moved to “on call” status, technical services staff were added to the schedule, and core competencies and procedures were refined.     

What Predicts Older Adults’ Adjustment to Aging in Later Life? The Impact of Sense of Coherence,Subjective Well-Being,and Sociodemographic,Lifestyle, and Health-Related Factors

The aim of this study was to build a structural model to explore the predictors of adjustment to aging (AtA) in a community-dwelling older population. A community-dwelling sample of 1,270 older adults aged between 75 and 102 years answered a questionnaire to determine sociodemographic (sex, age, professional and marital status, education, household, adult children, family's annual income, living setting, and self-reported spirituality), lifestyle, and health-related characteristics (perceived health, recent disease, medication, and leisure). Several instruments were used to assert psychological variables, namely AtA, sense of coherence, and subjective well-being. Structural equation modeling was used to explore a structural model of the self-reported AtA, encompassing all variables. Significant predictors are self-reported spirituality (β = .816, p < .001); perceived health (β = .455, p < .001); leisure (β = .322, p < .001); professional status (β = .283, p < .001); income (β = .230, p = .035); household (β = –.208, p = .007); sense of coherence (β = ?.202, p = .004); and adult children (β = .164, p = .011). The variables explain, respectively, 60.6% of the variability of AtA. Self-reported spirituality is the strongest predictor of AtA. Other predictors are perceived health, leisure, professional status, income, household, sense of coherence, and adult children. This study emphasizes the need for deepening the variables that influence older adults’ AtA—in particular, perceived health and further lifestyle-related characteristics—as being relevant for promoting aging well in later life, within a salutogenic context for health care.     

Behavioral self-regulation and relations to emergent academic skills among children in Germany and Iceland

The present study investigated a direct assessment of behavioral self-regulation (the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders; HTKS) and its contribution to early academic achievement among young children in Germany and Iceland. The authors examined the psychometric properties and construct validity of the HTKS, investigated gender differences in young children's behavioral self-regulation, and explored relations between the HTKS and a teacher report of behavioral self-regulation (the Child Behavior Rating Scale; CBRS) and emerging academic skills. Findings supported the construct validity of the HTKS when used with young German and Icelandic children. Multilevel analyses revealed gender differences, particularly on the CBRS teacher-rated measure. Finally, higher levels of behavioral self-regulation were related to higher academic skills after important background variables were controlled, although some cross-cultural differences in the predictive utility of the HTKS and CBRS were observed. Overall, these results extend prior psychometric work on the HTKS to samples of young European children and support the importance of understanding of the role behavioral self-regulation in young children's development.     

Desarrollo del lenguaje asistido

Resumen

La investigación sobre ayudas técnicas para la comunicación se ha centrado sobre todo en los aspectos tecnológicos y educativos. En los últimos años, se ha empezado a prestar más atención a las características de la comunicación entre personas que utilizan ayudas técnicas. El presente artículo trata de la necesidad de un marco teórico para la comprensión del desarrollo del lenguaje asistido. En él se discute el amplio tema del desarrollo del lenguaje en usuarios de ayudas técnicas, haciendo énfasis en las diferencias entre los hablantes naturales y asistidos tanto en lo que respecta a la comprensión como al uso del lenguaje, y en cómo estas diferencias pueden influir sobre el entorno que sustenta el lenguaje creado por los padres y cuidadores. También se discute la importancia de la interacción entre compañeros y del lenguaje parala autoaceptación y la identidad dentro de un grupo. El artículo destaca que el lenguaje es una forma de vida, y que las prácticas educativas que suelen tener lugar actualmente en las escuelas no son suficientes para potenciar el desarrollo del lenguaje en estos niños; deben facilitarse procesos interactivos más naturales.     

Effects of differently polarized microwave radiation on the microscopic structure of the nuclei in human fibroblasts

To investigate the influence of microwave radiation on the human fibroblast nuclei, the effects of three variants of electromagnetic wave polarization, linear and left-handed and right-handed elliptically polarized, were examined. Experimental conditions were: frequency (f) 36.65 GHz, power density (P) at the surface of exposed object 1, 10, 30, and 100 μW/cm², exposure time 10 s. Human fibroblasts growing in a monolayer on a cover slide were exposed to microwave electromagnetic radiation. The layer of medium that covered cells during microwave exposure was about 1 mm thick. Cells were stained immediately after irradiation by 2% (w/v) orcein solution in 45% (w/v) acetic acid. Experiments were made at room temperature (25 °C), and control cell samples were processed in the same conditions. We assessed heterochromatin granule quantity (HGQ) at 600× magnification. Microwave irradiation at the intensity of 1 μW/cm² produced no effect, and irradiation at the intensities of 10 and 100 μW/cm² induced an increase in HGQ. More intense irradiation induced more chromatin condensation. The right-handed elliptically polarized radiation revealed more biological activity than the left-handed polarized one.