Quantifying the nature of anticipation in professional tennis

Abstract

We quantify the nature and frequency of anticipation behaviours in professional tennis using video coding of incidents where the time delay between the opponent's stroke and the reaction of the player were recorded. We argue that anticipation is based on uncertain information and should lead in some situations to erroneous decisions. We identified the transition between reaction (with 100% accuracy in the selection of where the ball is played on the court) and anticipation (with less than 100% accuracy) as being 140–160 ms after ball contact. Anticipation behaviours occurred on between 6.14% and 13.42% of the coded situations. These anticipation behaviours appeared almost exclusively in ‘unfavourable’ situations, where the opponent had a significant tactical advantage, with the type of playing surface having only a limited effect. Moreover, the decrease in accuracy with shorter response times is not monotonic, with an increase in response accuracy being observed for times shorter than 120 ms before ball contact. We propose that very early anticipation behaviours occur when players use significant context-specific information before the opponent's stroke. When such information is not available, players produce anticipation behaviours that are closer to the moment of ball–racket contact using information that is more likely to be based on the opponent's preparation of the stroke. This study opens new directions for research focusing on the testing and training of anticipation in fast ball sports.     

高职院校孤儿学生管理的困境及对策

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女大学生体质现状及体育行为研究——以长三角地区为例

采用调查、访谈及统计学等方法,对长三角地区女大学生的体质现状及体育行为机制进行调研.结果显示：女大学生的体质状况令人堪忧,她们的体育需要和动机具有多样性、多向性、多层次性特征,行为目标的偏倚,消费意识的淡漠,行为结构的不良,行为内容的受限等特征,导致大多数女大学生不符合体育人口的标准.建议：科学引导体育认知,培养良性体育需要,激发健康锻炼动机,规划科学体育行为,充实行为空间环境.     

高校辅导员职业守则内化的保障机制

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‘Sexual violence is not good for our country's development’. Students’ interpretations of sexual violence in a secondary school in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia

It has been increasingly recognised that sexual violence in schools is one of the major concerns with regard to promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights. This paper examines how boys and girls define, experience, and interpret sexual violence in a secondary school in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and considers from their perspectives, how sexual violence can be addressed effectively in formal educational settings. Fifteen in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions revealed how these views can be strikingly different for boys and girls: boys sharing a theoretical and instrumental view on sexual violence, as opposed to girls’ emotional views based on their experiences. This major difference in understanding complicates teaching about sexuality, and leaves room for sexual violence to remain tolerated in schools. Nevertheless, all students express the need to learn openly about sexuality, and particularly to reflect on the contradicting messages they receive from their environment.     

对海南个人信用征信规则的评析——兼论我国征信管理部门的选择

海南个人信用征信规则将个人资产信息作为须经被征信人书面同意方可采集的个人信用信息,并设置守信激励机制,对我国征信立法具有参考价值。我国可探索建立中央单头、地方双头的征信管理格局,由人民银行负责全国的征信监管,并由人民银行在地方的分支行与当地专门管理部门共同监管当地的征信活动。     

西部地区城乡教师合理流动的思路与对策

西部地区教师流动既有教师在各地区学校之间的流动,也有教师向学校以外的单位流动,以及社会人士向教育系统内部的流动。产生这种情况的原因不仅有经济上的因素,也受到西部地区自身情况的特殊影响,还有教师的个人原因。要促进西部地区城乡教师合理流动,一是要切实提高西部地区城乡教师待遇,完善教师支教制度和流动教学制度;二是要完善教师在岗在职培训制度,建立教师终身学习体系,使西部地区的教师更具有竞争力;三是要严把教师质量关,打破一考定终身的陈规,吸引更多社会人士加入到教育行列。     

区域物流与经济发展关系的实证研究——以广西为例

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谈一种基于SVM图书标签号的识别方法

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