Analysing change in learning strategies over time: A comparison of three statistical techniques

Change in learning strategies during higher education is an important topic of research when considering students’ approaches to learning. Regarding the statistical techniques used to analyse this change, repeated measures ANOVA is mostly relied upon. Recently, multilevel and multi-indicator latent growth (MILG) analyses have been used as well. The present study provides details concerning the differences between these three techniques. By applying them to the same dataset, we aim to answer two research questions. Firstly, how are findings on the average trend complementary, convergent or divergent? Secondly, how are results on the differential growth over time complementary, convergent or divergent? Data originates from a longitudinal study on the change in learning strategies during the transition from secondary to higher education in Flanders (Belgium). 425 students provided complete data at each of the three waves of data collection. Results on the significance of average trends are convergent while the strength of the growth over time diverges across analysis techniques. Regarding the differential change, the MILG seems more able to detect variance in growth over time. Recommendations for future research on the changeability of learning strategies over time are provided.     

A case series of twenty one maternal filicides in the UK

Objective

This study reports a case-series study of 21 women from the United Kingdom convicted of the murder or manslaughter of their child (maternal filicide: MF). These cases were reviewed using data provided from police forces and from publicly available resources.

Methods

Content and thematic analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques were used to analyse the relationships between the variables present in the commission of the crimes.

Results

Mothers who killed their children could be categorised as emotionally driven and in despair at their situation, or rejecting their children due to perceiving them as a threat. Mothers who killed their babies (neonaticides) appeared to form two distinct subgroups: reluctant and detached neonaticidal offenders.

Conclusion

These findings offer an insight into the factors that may be of relevance in understanding how a mother may come to commit MF, and are interpreted in terms of disturbed attachment processes.     

Modeling a century of citation distributions

The prevalence of uncited papers or of highly cited papers, with respect to the bulk of publications, provides important clues as to the dynamics of scientific research. Using 25 million papers and 600 million references from the Web of Science over the 1900–2006 period, this paper proposes a simple model based on a random selection process to explain the “uncitedness” phenomenon and its decline over the years. We show that the proportion of cited papers is a function of (1) the number of articles available (the competing papers), (2) the number of citing papers and (3) the number of references they contain. Using uncitedness as a departure point, we demonstrate the utility of the stretched-exponential function and a form of the Tsallis q-exponential function to fit complete citation distributions over the 20th century. As opposed to simple power-law fits, for instance, both these approaches are shown to be empirically well-grounded and robust enough to better understand citation dynamics at the aggregate level. On the basis of these models, we provide quantitative evidence and provisional explanations for an important shift in citation practices around 1960. We also propose a revision of the “citation classic” category as a set of articles which is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the field.     

The use of computer games as an educational tool: identification of appropriate game types and game elements

Playing games is an important part of our social and mental development. This research was initiated to identify the game type most suitable to our teaching environment and to identify game elements that students found interesting or useful within the different game types. A group of twenty students played four commercial games (SimIsle, Red Alert, Zork Nemesis and Duke Nukem 3D). Results suggest that students prefer 3D-adventure (Zork Nemesis) and strategy (Red Alert) games to the other types ("shoot-em-up", simulation) with Zork Nemesis ranked as the best. Students rated game elements such as logic, memory, visualisation and problem solving as the most important game elements. Such elements are integral to adventure games and are also required during the learning process. We present a model that links pedagogical issues with game elements. The game space contains a number of components, each encapsulates specific abstract or concrete interfaces. Understanding the relationship between educational needs and game elements will allow us to develop educational games that include visualisation and problem solving skills. Such tools could provide sufficient stimulation to engage learners in knowledge discovery, while at the same time developing new skills.     

The prevalence and risk indicators of symptoms of common mental disorders among current and former Dutch elite athletes

The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and comorbidity of symptoms of common mental disorders (distress, anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance, eating disorders, adverse alcohol use) among current and former Dutch elite athletes, and to explore the inference between potential risk indicators (severe injury, surgery, life events, sport career dissatisfaction, social support) and the outcomes measures under investigation. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on baseline questionnaires from an ongoing prospective cohort study among 203 current and 282 former elite Dutch athletes (response rate: 28% among current athletes and 95% among former athletes). Based on validated scales, an electronic questionnaire was set up and distributed. Prevalence (4-week) ranged from 6% for adverse alcohol use to 45% for anxiety/depression among current elite athletes, and from 18% for distress to 29% for anxiety/depression among former elite athletes. A higher number of past severe injuries, higher number of past surgeries, higher number of recent life events, higher level of career dissatisfaction and lower level of social support were related to the occurrence of symptoms of common mental disorders among both current and former elite athletes. On average, the 4-week prevalence of common mental disorders as shown in our study among current and former Dutch elite athletes were similar to the ones found among athletes from other sports disciplines and does compare with the lifetime prevalence estimates in the general population of the Netherlands.     

Reliability of unipodal and bipodal counter movement jump landings in a recreational male population

Movement patterns during landing have been suggested to be related to injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-session reliability of kinematic variables and ground reaction forces during landing in a population of male recreational athletes after a counter movement jump. Both unipodal and bipodal landings were evaluated. Furthermore, the possibility to improve landing reliability with a verbal instruction was also studied. Twenty-four male volunteers with no history of lower extremity trauma were randomly assigned to two groups (with and without verbal landing instruction). An optoelectronic 3D system and force plates were used to measure the lower limb joint angles and the ground reaction forces during landing. Intraclass correlation values show moderate to excellent inter-session reliability for the bipodal task (ICC average: 0.80, range: 0.46–0.97) and poor to excellent reliability for the unipodal task (ICC average: >0.75, range: 0.20–0.95). However, large standard errors of measurement values at the ankle joint at impact (27.6?±?11.5°) and for the vertical ground reaction forces (394?±?1091 N) show that some variables may not be usable in practice. The verbal instruction had a negative effect on the reliability of unipodal landing but improved the reliability of bipodal landing. These findings show that the reliability of a landing task is influenced by its motor complexity as well as the instruction given to the subject.     

Water-repellent and biocide treatments: Assessment of the potential combinations

It is a common practice to use several chemical products during restoration projects of monuments or sculptures. However, care must be taken when combining the products to avoid a misuse. For example, it is well-known that applying a biocide on stone before a water-repellent leads to a diminishment of the hydrophobic effect of the treatment. But the application of biocide after a water-repellent treatment has been poorly analysed, although studies have proven that the stone looses its hydrophobicity after the application of the biocide. Henceforth, this study investigates the effects of biocide application on a water-repellent film and focuses on the possibilities to restore the efficiency of the previous water-repellent treatment (after the application of the biocide). At first, the tests were performed on glass slides to understand the mechanisms, with the subsequent results revealing that the biocide product deposits on the water-repellent film. Then, the study focuses on determining methods to remove the remains of biocide on limestone samples, previously treated with a water-repellent. The water-repellent used in the study is an alkylpolysiloxane, Rhodorsil H224 from Rhodia.     

Developing national attainment measures: A study of irish experience

Recent experience of test development in Ireland, a country which had no tradition of formal standardised testing, is drawn on, in order to highlight a number of practical and measurement problems that future test developers in other countries may experience. The paper focuses on a number of issues that have received relatively little attention in the literature. The practical problems which are examined include the identification of the objectives of the school curriculum, the production of test materials and the selection of appropriate samples of schools for standardisation purposes. The measurement or psychometric problems relate to curricular and statistical characteristics of individual test items, a test ceiling effect caused by some pupils answering all or almost all of the test items correctly and the lack of test sophistication among pupils and teachers. It is pointed out that a number of conventional procedures for developing norm-referenced measures of pupil attainment may prove somewhat less than successful in countries or educational systems with common curricula.

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Zusammenfassung Aufgrund neuerer Erfahrungen in Irland, einem Lande, das keine Tradition formalen standardisierten Testens besitzt, stellt der Verfasser eine Anzahl praktischer und psychometrischer Probleme heraus, denen wahrscheinlich auch zukünftige Testentwickler in anderen Ländern begegnen werden. Im Vordergrund steht eine Reihe von Fragen, die in der einschlägigen Literatur bisher wenig Beachtung gefunden haben. Zu den untersuchten praktischen Problemen gehören die Identifizierung der Schulcurriculumsziele, die Herstellung von Testmaterialien und die Auswahl geeigneter Samples von Schulen zum Zwecke der Standardisierung. Die Messungsoder psychometrischen Probleme betreffen curriculare und statistische Merkmale der einzelnen Testfragen, eine Art Höchstgrenze der Tests, die erreicht wird, wenn mehrere Schüler alle oder fast alle Fragen richtig beantworten, sowie mangelnde Gewandtheit von Schülern und Lehrern im Umgang mit Testfragen. Ferner wird darauf hingewiesen, dass sich verschiedene gebräuchliche Verfahren zur Entwicklung von normbezogenen Massstäben für Schülerleistungen in Ländern oder Bildungssystemen mit einheitlichen Curricula als wenig erfolgreich erweisen dürften.

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Résumé Une expérience a été menée récemment sur le développement des tests en Irlande — un pays qui n'a aucune tradition de standardisation formelle en ce domaine — pour mettre en évidence un certain nombre de problèmes d'ordre pratique et d'évaluation que pourraient rencontrer les futurs utilisateurs de tests dans d'autres pays. L'article est centré sur un certain nombre de questions auxquelles, jusqu'à présent, la littérature spécialisée n'a accordé que peu d'attention. Les problèmes pratiques examinés comprennent l'identification des objectifs du curriculum scolaire, la production des matériels de test et la sélection des échantillons appropriés d'écoles en vue d'une standardisation. L'évaluation ou les problèmes psychométriques se rapportent aux caractéristiques curriculaires et statistiques des questions du test individuel, à un test à effet plafonnant causé par le fait que presque tous les élèves répondent correctement à tous, ou presque tous les items du test, et à un manque d'habitude aux tests tant chez les élèves que chez les enseignants. L'auteur de l'article souligne qu'un grand nombre de procédés conventionnels pour développer les mesures normatives des acquisitions de l'élève peuvent se révéler quelque peu décevants dans des pays, ou dans des systèmes d'éducation, ayant des curricula communs.

     

University productivity and the organization of higher education in Turkey

This theoretical paper examines some of the potential impacts of different modes of university organization in Turkey (Faculty and Departmental) upon the scientific productivity of faculty members. A model of university organization is developed which distinguishes between the administrative and academic structures within the university. This model, derived largely from the literature on bureaucratic and professional organizations, provides the basis for a comparative analysis of the structural differences between the Faculty and Departmental mode of university organization in Turkey. Exploration of these structural differences leads to the hypothesis that the organizational structure of the Departmental university, in the Turkish setting, is more functional, on net balance, than the Faculty mode of university organization for the development of high levels of faculty productivity in the fields of science. Examination of some very limited data on the scientific activities of Turkish scientists in a sample of Turkish universities, though by no means conclusive, suggests that, within given social situations, this hypothesis may indeed be correct. Nevertheless, it is clear that there exists a need not only for more extensive research in this area, but also for more detailed information as to the social, political, and economic situations within which university organizations exist.