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101.
Mario Winter 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2000,15(3):121-132
Zusammenfassung. Bei der iterativen, inkrementellen Software-Entwicklung werden Klassen sukzessive spezifiziert, implementiert bzw. ge?ndert
oder erweitert, klassengetestet und zu einem ausführbaren Anwendungssystem integriert. Integrations- und Regressionstest stellen
dabei besonders wichtige und h?ufig ausgeführte Testaktivit?ten dar, die zudem aufgrund der vielf?ltigen Interaktionsm?glichkeiten
in objektorientierten Programmen sehr komplex sind. Integrations- und Regressionstest werden in der Literatur stets separat
behandelt, obwohl sie durchaus ?hnliche Teilaktivit?ten beinhalten. Bestehende Ans?tze zum objektorientierten Integrationstest
betrachten entweder strukturelle oder verhaltensorientierte Systembeschreibungen. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir das Klassen-Botschaftsdiagramm
(KBD) vor, ein Struktur und Verhalten objektorientierter Programme gleicherma?en berücksichtigendes interaktionsbasiertes
(Test-)Modell. Wir skizzieren Algorithmen zur ?nderungsanalyse, Ableitung einer Integrationsstrategie und Auswahl von Regressionstestf?llen
nach der Modifikation bestehender Klassen. Abschlie?end werden die Ergebnisse einiger mit Smalltalk-80 Klassen durchgeführter
Experimente zur Evaluierung des Verfahrens vorgestellt.
Eingegangen am 14. Dezember 1999 / Angenommen am 19. Juni 2000 相似文献
102.
Teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is highly important for effective design and implementation of school teaching. Thus, the current status, development and efficacy of this knowledge, its relationships with teaching quality parameters, and its impact on students' learning processes and success, require rigorous examination. Thoroughly validated, objective and reliable test instruments that are highly sensitive to changes in variables of proven knowledge-related relevance in teacher education are also required. Previous attempts to design such instruments for assessing science teachers' PCK have largely focused on mathematical content. Therefore, here we present an instrument (the pedagogical content knowledge in biology inventory, PCK-IBI), based on conceptualizations of teachers' professional competence, for assessing secondary school pre-service biology teachers' PCK. In a series of three evaluations and refinements it was tested with samples of N = 274 and N = 432 German pre-service as well as one sample of n = 65 German pre-service and n = 35 German in-service biology teachers. Item analysis, scale analysis and empirically obtained indicators of validity suggest that the final 34-item-version of the PCK-IBI is unidimensional, provides objective test scores and enables reliable and valid registration of pre-service biology teachers' PCK. Thus, hypotheses regarding specific aspects of the model on which the PCK-IBI's construction is based on are empirically supported. The results of our study provide empirical support for the instrument's potential utility. 相似文献
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104.
Courses: Communication Theory, Organizational Communication, Strategic Communication.
Objectives: Students will identify and categorize organizational discourses on their campuses; students will become aware of the ethical considerations of communication; students will recognize the different perceptions of organizational culture on campus. 相似文献
105.
Sam Winter 《教育心理学》1982,2(3-4):185-195
The upsurge in the use of behavioural change techniques with children in education and residential settings has not always involved an equally strong commitment to behavioural measurement (by which is meant quantitative data collection relating to latency, duration or, most often, frequency of the target behaviour in question). This paper outlines several advantages, other than effectiveness evaluation, which accrue from behavioural measurement; in relation to (a) deciding whether to change behaviour, (b) deciding the type of intervention required, (c) assessment of caregiver skills and commitment, (d) therapeutic effects, (e) reinforcement, (f) analysis of critical variables and (g) analysis of caregiver attitudes and behaviour. Case examples are included throughout. 相似文献
106.
Minerva - This study investigates the interaction between civil servants and politicians in a planning committee in a Swedish county council. As the committees are venues for preparation of future... 相似文献
107.
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to examine the long-term impact of mother-son incest and positive initial perceptions of sexual abuse experiences on adult male psychosocial functioning. METHOD: Sixty-seven clinic-referred men with a history of sexual abuse participated. The participants completed self-report measures regarding their current psychosocial functioning and described the nature of their sexual and physical abuse experiences during childhood. RESULTS: Seventeen men reported mother-son incest, and these men endorsed more trauma symptoms than did other sexually abused men, even after controlling for a history of multiple perpetrators and physical abuse. Mother-son incest was likely to be subtle, involving behaviors that may be difficult to distinguish from normal caregiving (e.g., genital touching), despite the potentially serious long-term consequences. Twenty-seven men recalled positive or mixed initial perceptions of the abuse, including about half of the men who had been abused by their mothers. These men reported more adjustment problems than did men who recalled purely negative initial perceptions. CONCLUSIONS: Mother-son incest and positive initial perceptions of sexual abuse experiences both appear to be risk factors for more severe psychosocial adjustment problems among clinic-referred men. 相似文献
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